American Criminal Justice Systems and Functions

Criminal equity is the arrangement of enactment, practices and foundations utilized by the bureaucratic, state and nearby governments to keep up social request by controlling wrongdoing and rebuffing the individuals who abuse the set laws with criminal punishments. Before, the general public had their own particular manners where they controlled conduct of people and gatherings with the goal that social request would be accomplished. Most social orders were constrained by standards, convictions and qualities which guaranteed each individual or gathering affirmed to the cultural set qualities. The indigenous social orders endorsed the individuals who didn't adjust to the cultural qualities and norms.Type of assent contrasted from society to society. In certain social orders, the individuals who disregarded cultural qualities by taking part in criminal and freak conduct, for example, assault, the person in many social orders was seen as awful sign and the assent included correspondence from society or consuming the individual into cinders. The approvals energized congruity in the general public (Cole, 1999). In the cutting edge times, standards despite everything control conduct in certain social orders by migration and intercultural cooperations have constrained the conduct control through norms.America specifically is possessed by individuals from various nationalities and societies and in this manner turns into the perfect control apparatus for wrongdoing. American Criminal Justice frameworks present a uniform framework that control conduct of people paying little mind to race, religion, culture or ethnic gathering and consequently help with keeping up social request in the American culture. The Criminal equity strategy in the United States has been guided by the 1967 president’s commission on law implementation and organization of Justice which gave introductory report† the test of wrongdoing in a free society.† The commission upheld a â₠¬Å"systems† way to deal with criminal equity. The President’s commission characterized criminal equity framework as the methods for society to â€Å"enforce the norms of lead important to secure people and the community† (Cochranc, Melville and Marsh, 2004; Feinman, 1994) In America, the law requirement organizations incorporate police examiners, courts, barrier lawyer and adjustments which are worried about capture, charging arbitration and discipline of those saw as liable subsequently keeping up social order.In the antiquated time, particularly in the Middle Ages, regular types of disciplines included outcast, installment to casualty if there should be an occurrence of rough wrongdoings, absence of installment pulled in unforgiving punishments like whipping in type of mutilation, lashing and some of the time execution. The current criminal equity frameworks attempt to guarantee decency and equity. Past information show that the general public in US didn't rega rd police as law authorities until 1920. s when the police embraced new innovation and set accentuation on network policing following urban unrest.Introduction of comp detail in 1990s, in the police divisions has helped the police to follow crooks and the criminal equity framework consider police answerable for managing wrongdoing issues. The collaboration between the police and the network through network policing has helped with following lawbreakers. Criminal law in America includes abuse of a person by the legislature for carrying out a demonstration that has been delegated a wrongdoing. Most violations in the United States are set up by neighborhood state and bureaucratic government.In a criminal case, the state through an investigator starts the claim and the guilty party imprisoned approved to pay a fine or both. In American Justice System, wrongdoing might be delegated crime or offense. Crime incorporates genuine offenses like assault and murder which pull in at least one ye ar’s detainment. Misdeeds incorporate such wrongdoings like unimportant burglary which draw in not exactly a year detainment as a method of rectification. Be that as it may, before any demonstration is viewed as wrongdoing, it must be built up by rule or customary law (Walker, 1993).Scholars have contributed a ton in the American Criminal equity framework. Researchers through giving courses in criminology and brain science help with clarifying why a few people take part in criminal conduct and order various kinds of wrongdoings like sorted out wrongdoing, white-shading wrongdoing and adolescent wrongdoing. Sociologists have advanced old style strife and positivist speculations that clarify why wrongdoing happens and give cures on the best way to check the violations and control further c criminal cases in the general public. In America, wrongdoing is characterized, arranged, evaluated denied and deserving of the state.Criminal law in America is recognized from every single ot her sort of law since it conveys it the ethical judgment of all general public. All violations are a physical issue against the general public on the grounds that the general public all in all through its assemblies has made of aggregate judgment that specific practices are unsafe to the cultural interests’ (Walker, 1993) In the ongoing past, there have been events of rough wrongdoings which have elevated the administration to reexamine and order c criminal acts. American lawmaking body has arranged the wrongdoings in various classes and they pull in various punishments.Treason, dissidence and undercover work are violations that are submitted against the state. The violations show non-enthusiasm of the guilty parties and the administration controls such wrongdoings for the assurance of common security. Most wrongdoers who are seen as liable of the offense get overwhelming discipline, for example, beating which may incorporate execution relying upon the power of the offense. M urder, homicide, assault, hijacking, threatening behavior are wrongdoings that are submitted against people. These wrongdoings also fall under lawful offense and the state guarantees there is cultural request and uniformity.The state rebuffs the guilty parties with the goal of securing the people against savagery. Thievery, pyromania and home attack are delegated violations against residence with the point of ensuring the wellbeing and security of one’s home. The violations also are viewed as crime and must be debilitated to guarantee amicability in the general public (Cole, 1999; Parker, 2006; Cochranc, Melville and Marsh 2004). Burglary, theft, theft, vandalism, falsification, coercion, misrepresentation and misappropriation are delegated violations against property and are controlled to ensure private property. Assurance of property guarantees there is concordance and request in the society.Disorderly lead vagrancy, impelling also revolt, engine vehicle offenses and liquor and medications are named violations against open request and are controlled to ensure open harmony, request and wellbeing. Opposing capture, check of equity, pay off, getaway and hatred of court are named violations against organization of equity by lawmaking body and are controlled to protect genuineness and productivity of open organization. Prostitution, homosexuality, foulness, inbreeding, obscene introduction, betting liquor and medications are named violations against open ethics and they territory controlled to guarantee custom profound quality is maintained.This will guarantee that the general public is ethically upstanding. Savagery and creature misuse are violations against nature and the wrongdoing is managed to keep up general wellbeing. Contamination, angling and chasing, smoking and harmful waste dumping in America are wrongdoings against condition and the state manage them to protect general wellbeing and regular habitat. All violations in US are â€Å"ownedâ€℠¢ by the state which does indictment in its own name to keep up cultural request and congruity. Police are the primary assembled the guilty party experience first in criminal equity framework (Walker, 1993; Cole, 1999). The police do examination and capture the offender.After the capture the criminal is indicted where equity is controlled through court administering. An investigator who follows up for the benefit of state at that point makes allegation of the person against the state in criminals’ procedures. The guilty party through his/her lawyer can legitimize his blamelessness under the steady gaze of an appointed authority or board of judges or jury. In America, request bartering is permitted where the blamed is given decreased discipline when he concedes. Now and again, the equity framework in America like some other equity framework is inclined to inclination separation which is a danger to objective decision.After the abrupt decision the wrongdoer is gone to remedial specialists when seen as blameworthy (Walker, 1993; Cole, 1999). In America, penitentiaries are intended to change crooks subsequently saw as the best remedial position. In America, the guilty parties might be required some set measure of fine to be liberated or related to detainment. In the ongoing past, probation has become basic where the individual portability is constrained along with chance to perpetrate a wrongdoing while in jail; the detainees are furnished with different manual abilities that will help at that point to carry on with a gainful life after prison.Also, there are different penitentiaries where the detainees are given strict morals to help them change decidedly. Capital punishment in America is once in a while managed the same number of activists have contended that it abuses the human privileges of the hoodlums. American court framework depends on English resolutions. In the court, four gatherings are associated with criminal case continuing. These incorporate the guilty party, investigator, judge or board or judges or jury and the lawyer. American assembly is answerable for instituting rules, for instance criminal law which oversee lead of people, gatherings or organization.American court framework is administered by rules of methodology. The criminal cases in the court require unique commitment shields for the blamed. In a criminal case, the gathering that brings a case is known as the investigators and the individual sued is called respondent. The American lawful framework permit litigant to be spoken to by an attorney who ought to ensure the interests of the individual. In the event that one can't bear the cost of an attorney, the state gives a legal counselor. A jury in American court framework tunes in to the proof and decides the result dependent on substan

A Report on Bluetooth Headset

Designing item is the aftereffect of the innovative progressions inside the electronic area. Bluetooth headsets are additionally one of these innovative headways (Abreu, 2015). The points behind advancement of these sorts of electronic items are to make the use of these items simpler than the traditional utilizations of innovation. This report is expounding the utilizations as well as the upsides and downsides of Bluetooth headsets concerning its inventive highlights that have been produced for simpler activity. Headsets are for the most part utilized for hearing tasks and Bluetooth headsets are only a propelled adaptation of this electronic component (Glezerman and Twina, 2013). First created headset was utilized for just a radio that was planned in 1910. The large scale manufacturing starts for the advancement of these headsets inside the mechanical period. Next stages present the utilizations of headsets for the avionics business (Hu et al., 2013). The pilots utilized these headsets so as to shield themselves from high ultrasonic sound waves. Plantronics MS-50 is the come about headset that was planned around then. After this developments that changed the whole situation of utilization of headsets should have been enhanced more so as to accomplish greater capacity with the innovative headways (Hunt and Jacob, 2012). After this electronic advancement DSP arrangement was acquainted all together with give increasingly proficient highlights. After these innovations the in the time of 2001 Nokia HDW-1 was created as the remote headset (Mozer and Mozer, 2012). This fused a significant number of the Bluetooth includes so as to make the gadget progressively powerful and perfect with the uses. This was the first designed Bluetooth headset that was created for the usability. Moreover, after this development, in the time of 2003, Nokia again imagined another model of Bluetooth headset (Ten Cate et al., 2015). This was named as Nokia HDW-2. This new contraption was abusing the market so that the clients get profited by different purposes. As per the looks into done on the Bluetooth Headsets, it is discovered that there are different points of interest of these headsets (Abreu, 2015). There are a bigger number of points of interest of this electronic component than its detriments. These utilizations of Bluetooth Headsets are being expounded in this piece of the task: Hands free cell phone utilizations: This is best employments of Bluetooth Headsets are that they can be utilized so as to make the cell phone utilize simpler than the regular procedure of utilizing this (Glezerman and Twina, 2013).â â Remote uses: In agreement with the previously mentioned viewpoints and uses of portable headsets, any gadget that necessities hearing activity can be utilized and worked remotely so as to build the accommodation of the client. Programmed activities: Bluetooth Headsets make the tasks simpler for example it makes the arrangement of utilizing hearing gadget car (Hu et al., 2013). In this manner, these utilizations causes the gadget to be alright with the clients and furthermore gives powerful highlights. Calling uses: Bluetooth Headsets can be utilized for calling reason (Hunt and Jacob, 2012). Bluetooth headsets can be utilized so as to make brings in a car way that will give advantages to the clients. There are different advantages and disadvantages of utilizing Bluetooth headset inside its area of innovative utilization (Mandala et al., 2014). Moreover, these points of interest and drawbacks are being expounded as for its forerunners. These are clarified as follows: Accommodation of correspondence: With the assistance of Bluetooth headsets the comfort of correspondence is expanded. Autonomous on wires: Bluetooth headsets are not reliant on the wire that makes it increasingly perfect for utilization (Mozer and Mozer, 2012). Multiuse office: There are different components that are inbuilt inside the Bluetooth gadget and make its conservative for use. Moderate estimating: This electronic great don’t have high evaluating and it’s sensible for the clients (Qu Zhang and Kim, 2015). Associating highlight: This electronic gadget is giving the profoundly proficient interfacing highlight to the clients and with the assistance of this gadget any client can without much of a stretch interface with their cell phones and PCs that make it increasingly perfect for being utilized (Ten Cate et al., 2015). Comparable functionalities with other Bluetooth gadgets: interestingly with this viewpoint, the Bluetooth gadgets have certain highlights that are practically same for the Bluetooth headset too. This component makes these gadgets progressively perfect for being use as a well known electronic gadget (Abreu, 2015). Regardless of different geniuses there are different cons of Bluetooth headsets. These cons are being expounded in this piece of the report: Estimating: Most profoundly proficient Bluetooth headsets are not moderate; they have high scope of cost. Lower timber: This is most disadvantageous element of Bluetooth headset (Glezerman and Twina, 2013). For having lower timber the majority of the music doesn’t utilize remote Bluetooth headsets. Mono yield include: conversely with the above weaknesses of Bluetooth headsets, these are accessible as the mono yield (Hunt and Jacob, 2012). This angle makes it less perfect. This trademark makes issue for individuals who has hearing issues. Bluetooth Headsets are one of the best electronic gadgets that are made or concocted so as to diminish the exertion and to make the activities simple. In this report, a few uses, upsides and downsides of Bluetooth Headsets are expounded. Interestingly with these viewpoints, the historical backdrop of advancement of Bluetooth Headsets has additionally been depicted with legitimate data in this report. Headsets are one exceptionally fundamental electronic gadget that is utilized numerous specialized activities for hearing purposes. Bluetooth headsets are the ad libbed form of the headsets. With the assistance of this gadget, the clients can without much of a stretch make their tasks simpler. The entirety of the uses referenced in this report will give a review of the uses of the Bluetooth gadget in the specialized field. These aides in developing numerous highlights of the headsets. Abreu, M. M. (2015). U.S. Patent Application No. 14/594,118. Glezerman, An., and Twina, Y. (2013). U.S. Patent No. 8,391,792. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Hu, Z., Deng, X., Wen, H., and Guo, J. (2013). Bluetooth Signal Collector Research and Its Application in Pedestrian Traffic Survey. In ICTIS 2013: Improving Multimodal Transportation Systems-Information, Safety, and Integrationâ (pp. 754-759). ASCE. Chase, S. E., and Jacob, M. (2012). U.S. Patent Application No. 13/353,145. Mandala, M., Colletti, V., Sacchetto, L., Manganotti, P., Ramat, S., Marcocci, An., and Colletti, L. (2014). Impact of Bluetooth headset and cell phone electromagnetic fields on the human sound-related nerve. The Laryngoscope,â 124(1), 255-259. Mozer, T. F., and Mozer, F. S. (2012). U.S. Patent No. 8,099,289. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Qu, L., Zhang, R., and Kim, H. (2015). High-Sensitivity Ground Radiation Antenna System Using an Adjacent Slot for Bluetooth Headsets. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation,â 63(12), 5903-5907.

Vallandigham, Clement Laird

Vallandigham, Clement Laird Vallandigham, Clement Laird v?lan ´digham?, â€"gam? [key], 1820â€"71, American political leader, leader of the Copperheads in the Civil War, b. New Lisbon (now Lisbon), Ohio. He became (1842) a lawyer, was elected to the Ohio legislature (1845, 1846), and was editor (1847â€"49) of the Dayton Empire, a Democratic weekly. A strong upholder of states' rights, Vallandigham was a U.S. Representative from 1858 to 1863, being defeated for reelection in 1862. On May 1, 1863, in a political speech at Mt. Vernon, Ohio, he declared, among other things, that the Civil War was being fought not to save the Union but to free the blacks and enslave the whites. Gen. Ambrose E. Burnside, then commanding the Dept. of the Ohio, accused him of violating General Order No. 38, which threatened punishment for those declaring sympathy for the enemy, and Vallandigham was arrested, court-martialed, and sentenced to imprisonment for the rest of the war. President Lincoln commuted the sentence to banishme nt behind Confederate lines. The Peace Democrats of Ohio nevertheless nominated (July, 1863) Vallandigham for governor, but he was defeated by John Brough . He made his way from the Confederacy to Canada, and from there he returned to the United States and was allowed to go unmolested. In the presidential campaign of 1864, the Democratic platform, representing his views, demanded immediate cessation of hostilities. Made commander of the Sons of Liberty (see Knights of the Golden Circle ), he was the most prominent of the Copperheads. After the war he was an unsuccessful aspirant to Congress. See biography by his brother, J. L. Vallandigham (1872, repr. 1972); study by F. L. Klement (1970). The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. History: Biographies

Social Media And Its Effects On The Lives Of Isis s...

center dedicated to producing high-quality propaganda videos.† Social media’s circulation of these propaganda videos means that they continue to show up in news feeds of people who have liked relevant pages or are friends with supporters or members. These individuals will be influenced more easily and are more likely to sympathize with what they are seeing since they have previously shown an interest in ISIS and in related groups. This use of social media is a method that is beyond the strategical scope of the people fighting ISIS, especially the many government agencies trying to combat ISIS. This use of newer technology also makes use of the role that technology plays in the lives of ISIS’ recruitment demographic. The young people that ISIS is focused on bringing in are the group that makes the most use of social media and are the ones for whom social media both is an integral part of their lives and their main source of information. Where in the past the news m ay have reached someone by a newspaper or the evening news on television, now information and current events are available and transmitted through the internet, and now increasingly, viewed on social media. The 24 hours news cycle has news being created constantly, however with the growth and expansion of social media platforms like Facebook and Twitter, internet users are increasingly getting their news from their Facebook Timelines and Twitter feeds rather than through news sites. This means that instead of justShow MoreRelatedPorters Five Forces in Beer Market75399 Words   |  302 Pages Finance and risk 46 52 FINANCIAL REVIEW RISK MANAGEMENT Corporate matters 56 58 64 CORPORATE RESPONSIBILITY CORPORATE GOVERNANCE SHAREHOLDER INFORMATION Financial statements 68 169 70 140 CARLSBERG GROUP PARENT COMPANY CARLSBERG A/S 170 171 172 MANAGEMENT STATEMENT AUDITORS’ REPORT BOARD OF DIRECTORS This report is provided in Danish and in English. In case of any discrepancy between the two versions, the Danish wording shall apply. 4 Management review: CEO statement Read MoreManaging Information Technology (7th Edition)239873 Words   |  960 PagesIntelligence Journey CASE STUDY II-4 Mining Data to Increase State Tax Revenues in California CASE STUDY II-5 The Cliptomaniaâ„ ¢ Web Store: An E-Tailing Start-up Survival Story CASE STUDY II-6 Rock Island Chocolate Company, Inc.: Building a Social Networking Strategy CASE STUDY III-1 Managing a Systems Development Project at Consumer and Industrial Products, Inc. CASE STUDY III-2 A Make-or-Buy Decision at Baxter Manufacturing Company CASE STUDY III-3 ERP Purchase Decision

What is the Victorian attitude Free Essays

The typical Victorian woman was expected to bear her husband children, to ensure her family’s happiness, to be suppressed and to show minimal emotion. Hence, true love was not as common as present day, especially for the upper class, who were being constantly being scrutinized by society. These attitudes are explored in ‘Jude the Obscure’, ‘Sonnet VI’ from Sonnets from the Portuguese, and ‘Jane Ere’. We will write a custom essay sample on What is the Victorian attitude or any similar topic only for you Order Now The main attitude towards love in Victorian society was that it was a career move for men, and a way for a woman to secure her position in life and the security of her children. Hence it was important to put love last to marry well, as your future depended on it. The Victorian novel ‘Jude the obscure’ partially rejects this idea. In the case of Suede’s marriage to Rubella, although there was some original attraction, due to Rubella’s flirtatious nature, Jude quickly realizes that Rubella is not the one for him. However before he can break up with her, she tells him she is pregnant, and therefore he marries her, as it is the only noble thing to do. Again in Cue’s marriage to Mr.. Philologist, it is not a career move. Philologist is belly in love with Sue, however his love is requited, and Sue only loves him as a friend. However, perhaps as a reaction to Jude confessing that he was married to Rubella, Sue acts rashly and marries Philologist. In both cases, the main objective of the marriages where not to progress in society, but on the other hand, neither were because of love either, therefore this attitude towards love is only partially rejected. Sue and Suede’s relationship is built on true love, in that sense this attitude is fully rejected, however they have no intention of getting married, and due to the volatility of their characters, Cue’s n particular, it is uncertain how long their relationship will last. Elizabeth Barrett Borrowing’s sonnet also rejects this attitude of marriage being a necessity in society, and love was more of an afterthought. Throughout the sonnet, she uses very beautiful and positive imagery when describing her emotions towards Richard. â€Å"l shall command/ The uses of my soul, nor lift my hand/ Serenely in the sunshine as before. The use of â€Å"command† suggests that she is in control, however she then talks about the â€Å"uses of [her] soul† it changes her meaning a bit. It could be interpreted as her thoughts Of him controlling her. Or it could also mean that all she can think about is him, and nothing else, and she can’t control her thoughts. Th e next part paints a positive image, about no longer having to block out the sunshine, this may be construed as her having to stop thinking about him. The sunshine could be referring to Richard, or his love for her, or her love for him. The â€Å"lift my hand† may be referring to her blocking her love for him, or his advances towards her, in both interpretations she blinds herself to Richard. However the message is that she is partially committed and feels it is right, and she no longer has to stop herself from thinking about him or blocking his advances towards her. Browning rejects this attitude to love, and presents an argument that love can be true love. ‘Jane Ere’ also rejects this attitude, and Jane chooses true love over this opportunistic love. SST. John, Cane’s cousin, proposes to her even though he doesn’t really love her. He believes that she can fulfill the duties he needs for his wife to do as he embarks on his journey to India as a missionary. Jane doesn’t love him either and therefore turns down his proposal, much to his annoyance. â€Å"God and nature intended you for a missionary’s wife†¦ A missionary’s wife you must shall be. You shall be mine: I claim you -? not for my pleasure, but for my Sovereign’s service. † SST. John’s proposal is far from romantic, and in comparison with Rochester, has no love, or any emotion. The whole proposal is imperative, commanding Jane to agree and be his wife. He uses â€Å"God† and â€Å"nature† to suggest that this is God’s plan, and it is only natural that Jane play out this role and fulfill her duty. SST. John says it is not for his pleasure, telling the reader that he has no romantic feelings towards Jane. He then goes on to say it is for â€Å"my Sovereign’s service†, thus agreeing with the attitude of love, as marrying Jane would propel him in society and his career, and love is not of importance. Jane rejects SST. John’s proposal because it would have been a loveless marriage, whereas she agrees to Rochester’s proposal because of their mutual romantic love for each other. In the Victorian era, this would have been very uncommon, as most people put love last for marriage, Cane’s effuse of this however shows that not everyone in Victorian society accepted this, and some craved for true love. Marriage was supposed to be a way of securing a future and a necessity of advancing yourself. Due to the laws at the time, marriage was a very final affair, to divorce or to separate was extremely frowned upon by society and even when that occurred there would be complications for both parties and children, e. . If divorced, any children would be declared illegitimate immediately. This made a lot of women nervous about making any commitment to their suitors. This idea is explored extensively in ‘Jude the Obscure’, with Sue Bridgehead constantly questioning society attitude towards marriage. She challenges the accepted norm, that the institution of marriage is more of a trap than a declaration of love. She criticizes society’s inability to accept the breaking of this commitment that most people are emotionally unequipped to fulfill. She strongly feels that the contractual nature of the agreement will kill the little spontaneity and romance that existed before the marriage. She says â€Å"It is foreign to a man’s tauter to go on loving a person when he is told that he must and shall be a person’s lover What is interesting with this is that although she constantly talks about women being the ones who have to adhere to society’s standards and sacrifice all individuality, here she uses â€Å"he†. This may be to effectively convey her reasoning to Jude and get her points across in a way that he’d understand. Also she refers to â€Å"man’s nature†, implying that it is unnatural and against human nature to be confined to these legal obligations. This opinion of hers is further reinforced by her horror when visiting the squalid egotist office, as well as her aversion to having a church wedding. This shows her abhorrence to the legality of getting married, and comes into play when she refuses to marry Jude, although they lead a happy unmarried life together for a few years. In Borrowing’s Sonnet VI from ‘Sonnets from the Portuguese’ she also mentions this wariness of marriage. She begins the sonnet with this uncertainty, â€Å"Go from me. Yet feel that I shall stand/ Henceforth in thy shadow. † The first phrase is an imperative; however she follows this quickly with a pivot, â€Å"Yet’. This shows that she is torn between loving him or not, as it is a massive risk. Structurally, Browning has placed this right at the beginning of the sonnet, signaling to the author that this has ensures has plagued her mind for a long time, and it’s the first thing she thinks about. Also it could suggest that since the very start, she has been unsure as to whether she loves him, and she knows the consequences of committing right from the beginning. This emotion is typical of many of Browsing earlier sonnets from her series â€Å"Sonnets from the Portuguese† as it is the beginning of their arthritis and she is still uncertain whether this is the man for her. This decision will influence her whole future, so she is very tentative in her feelings towards Richard Browning. Charlotte Bronze also explores this concept In Jane Ere, after Mr. Rochester proposes to Jane, she goes into much deliberation and a lot of dialogue is exchanged between them before she agrees to give herself to him, as his bride. â€Å"rare you in earnest? Do you truly love me? Do you sincerely wish me to be your wife? † This quote is made entirely of questions, as she is unsure if she can trust what he is saying to be rue. She uses strong adverbs such as â€Å"truly/’ and â€Å"sincerely’ as she wants to be entirely sure of his devotion to her. How to cite What is the Victorian attitude, Papers

Role of Women Until 1500

Table of Contents Similarities between the Egyptian and Greek women Social roles Religious roles Differences between the Egyptian and Greek women Impact of women to society References Women have in the present day been accredited with playing a pivotal role in the building of our nation. This task did not begin in the recent years but can trace its beginning as far back as the advent of time where the traditional role of women was mainly to serve their male counterparts. Prior to the colonial era, the roles of women across the world were greatly limited by the traditional attitudes which viewed women as the â€Å"weaker sex†.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Role of Women Until 1500 specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More While the lives of the women during the 1500s were marked with multiple responsibilities and hardships, the women also took the time out to make merriment thus helping to lighten their weary loads thus creating a balance that made life bearable. This study shall set out to document the typical life of the Egyptian and Greek women before 1500 AD by doing an extensive research and analyzing first hand accounts of how these women lived and survived in a chauvinistic environment. A detailed analysis of the similarities, differences and how these women impacted their civilizations shall also be discussed. Similarities between the Egyptian and Greek women The life of these women is interpreted in different light by many a historian. However, the commonly held notion that the society generally devalued the contribution of the women and subjected them to inhuman treatment and suffering is true as is demonstrated by Bentley, Ziegler Streets (2008). Women were perceived in these societies as the â€Å"weaker Sex†, fragile and incapable of making sound decisions. As such, they were to stay confined to their homes and live to serve their husbands. In both civilizations, the women had slaves who could do all the hard work and protect the women when the husbands were away. Another similarity is that the women were expected to dress appropriately and conduct themselves in a respectable manner. As Sanders et al (2006) assert, women in these civilizations were not supposed to show any part of their face, legs and even hair to the public. That was a privilege awarded only to the husband. In addition, they were not allowed to eat together with men nor argue or interfere with the affairs of men. Also, Tastsoglou (2009) states that women in these civilizations were not allowed to learn how to read or write. There were restrictions on the events that they could attend as well as the duration of time they could spend outside the vicinity of their homes.Advertising Looking for report on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Social roles In both civilizations, women were generally subjected to chores which evolved around child-care. As Sanders et al (2006) explain, Greek women often did repetitive tasks which could easily be interrupted incase their attention was required elsewhere. In addition, they were required to work in areas that did not require them to travel far from home and did jobs that would not amount to any losses when they attend to their children. What Sanders et al (2006) mean is that women were viewed as mules whose main responsibility and purpose was to satisfy the needs of their husbands and children. The same applied to Egyptian women. They rarely had any social interaction with other members of society as they were often confined to their homes or doing odd jobs such as the collection of sea shells, wild plants, making clothed garments and an array of food processing activities (Bentley, Ziegler Streets, 2008). Women in both civilizations were expected to teach their children about the culture and customs of their people. It was the duty of every woman to train her children how to lead a moral life. Shame that emanated from a woman’s undoing was considered as a man’s lack of control over his family. As such, Tastsoglou (2009) reiterates that women were expected to follow a prescribed code of moral behavior that included modesty, compliance, submission and most important of all; chastity. Punishment for non-conformity was harsh and in some cases involved caning or even disownment. In addition, women were supposed to maintain the honor of their homes. It was their duty to ensure that their husbands and male relatives get the respect they deserve. According to Vickers Vouloukos (2007), women were supposed to be sexually reserved. This was to ensure that they discourage tempting other men (both the Greek and Egyptian women were very beautiful and were viewed as sources of temptations by men). To this effect, they were expected to cover their bodies fully while in public and were discouraged to speak in the presence of m en. Religious roles Religion is a very important aspect to us as human beings. It has been known to instill virtues and values to all and help man cope with the hardships that come with life. In ancient times, religion played a pivotal role in the lives of everyone. This was mainly because ancient Greek and Egypt had different gods who were believed to be unforgiving in the face of disobedience. Both civilizations had gods of war, peace, fertility among others. Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Role of Women Until 1500 specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More To appease these gods, sacrifices were made on a regular basis (Lightman, 2007). Women were considered as pure vessels and were therefore tasked with the duty of preparing and offering the sacrifices to the gods. Bentley, Ziegler Streets (2008) reiterate that days equivalent to half a year were set aside for various religious ceremonies. During these days, women h ad a chance to be seen by the rest of the community and interact freely with each other. Vickers Vouloukos (2007) assert that women were expected to sing songs during these days, tell tales of the gods and goddesses and present sacrifices to them. In regards to family morals, women were expected to teach their children about the religious beliefs, norms and rituals. They were expected to instill morals in their children and ensure that they understand the value and significance of the gods. The most important role that women in these civilizations had to play was getting married and bearing children. Marriage as an institution was greatly respected and every woman was to be married. Children were viewed as a source of pride by the men and having many children was reason enough to boast. This was because, a pregnant woman was perceived as a blessed one. Therefore, the more children one had, the more the blessings he was assumed to have. This was mostly because infertility was seen as a form of punishment from the gods. Therefore, bearing children was the most important role that women in these civilizations had to fulfill. Differences between the Egyptian and Greek women One of the outstanding differences between women from these civilizations was their financial independence and freedom. Women in ancient Egypt enjoyed more financial freedom than their Greek counterparts. Egyptian women could trade, sell and buy slaves, livestock and own property. They could also sue, appear as witnesses in courts and settle legal disputes. This was contrary to Greek women who were not allowed to participate in any of these activities. Vickers Vouloukos (2007), state that exceptions were made in extreme cases but under the supervision of a male party (father, brother or husband). Another difference is that marriage in ancient Egypt was a prestigious affair. However, there were no matrimonial ceremonies, exchange of gifts and other marital rituals as experienced in ancient G reek societies. A woman could be declared as married only after leaving her parents home and into her husband’s house. Advertising Looking for report on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Even after marriage, Egyptian women remained independent and owned their own property. On the other hand, Greek women lost possession of their property once they got married. Adoption of children was widely accepted in ancient Egypt. Women were allowed to adopt children and raise them as their own. This was only accepted by very few Greek societies most especially the upper class members of the society (Sanders et al, 2006). Impact of women to society Despite their hardships and limited freedom, the impact that these women had on their societies cannot be understated. As Avdela Psarra (2005) explain, women were in charge of the households and ensured that everything was in order. This refers to the availability of food and clothing to both the husband and the children. In as much as history has effectively left out the impact of women in national building, some historians have effectively shown the relevance of ancient women in today’s societies. Due to the cultural bearings at that time, women were under constant pressure to ensure that their children lead a moral and culturally enriched life (Vickers Vouloukos, 2007). Their efforts to this regard ensured that respect and harmony prevailed in the society. This is mainly because all children were taught the same values, how to behave and the importance of maintaining family honor. As such, women played a pivotal role in unifying their communities. In regards to economic prosperity, women in both civilizations were very instrumental in facilitating economic growth (Lightman, 2007). In as much as women could not own property freely or work for money, their efforts at home were key contributors to the availability of income in their homes. For example, Greek women would spin and weave fabric, tend to the farms and cater for the livestock. The sale of these products would bring in some money for their families through the husbands. The Egyptian women who had more autonomy would also transact for money wh ich later contributed to the economic growth of their communities. In regards to religion, women had great impacts on the belief systems held by the people. Avdela Psarra (2005), state that most of the gods worshiped by these civilizations were women. In fact, the Greeks believed that their gods could dwell among them in the form of men and women. In addition, women were very important during the procession of religious rituals. Young unmarried girls were viewed as untamed and pure beings worthy to present sacrifices to the gods, while older women were tasked with the duties of appeasing the gods by singing melodious tunes at their presence. Their ability to bear children was also symbolic to blessings from their gods (Avdela Psarra 2005). Since they constituted to a larger portion of the population, women were a good source of labor during this era. They could work as slaves in the farms and business areas in exchange for food and/or shelter. As such, they contributed highly in ensuring that there was plenty of food and resources in their communities. Women had a great impact on the social status of their husbands and male counterparts. Respect in ancient civilization was mainly based on the amount of responsibility an individual had (Lightman, 2007). As such, having a respectful wife and many children demanded more respect from society. This was one way through which men could establish and prove their manliness all the while preserving the honor of his family lineage. Therefore, in as much as they were disregarded, women were great sources of pride to the men in these civilizations. Indeed, the lives of the Greek and Egyptian women before the 1500s were marked with multiple responsibilities and hardships, however, the women also took the time out to make merriment thus helping to lighten their weary loads thus creating a balance that made life bearable. From the discussions presented herein, it can authoritatively be stated that ancient women played a p ivotal role in upholding morality and ensuring the continuity of society. The challenges that they faced were therefore of social and economic benefits and the environment that they dwelled in only thrived for these significances. However, the social injustices such as gender discrimination sprouted from this era and up to date, these negative effects are still prevalent in our society. While it cannot be disputed that gender biasness was an unjust and mostly inhumane institute for the ancient women, it can be seen from this paper that it played a significant role in the building of our nation. References Avdela, E., Psarra, A. (2005). Engendering ‘Greekness’: Women’s Emancipation and Irredentist Politics in Nineteenth-Century Greece. Mediterranean Historical Review, 20(1), 67 – 79. Bentley, J., Ziegler, H., Streets, H. (2008). Traditions and encounters: A brief global history. (3rd Ed.). New York: McGraw Hill. Lightman, M. (2007). A to Z of ancient Gre ek and Roman women. NY: Infobase Publishing. Sanders, T., Nelson, S., Morillo, S., Ellenberger, N. (2006). Encounters in world history: Sources and themes from the global post volume one: to 1500. (1st Ed.) New York: McGraw Hill. Tastsoglou, E. (2009). Women, gender, and diasporic lives: labor, community, and identity in Greek migrations. CA: Lexington Books. Vickers, J., Vouloukos, A. (2007). Changing Gender/Nation Relations: Women’s Roles in Making and Restructuring the Greek Nation-State. Nationalism and Ethnic Politics, 13(4), 501 – 538. 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The Hungarian Edition Of Cosmopolitan Essays - Cosmopolitan

The Hungarian Edition Of Cosmopolitan Essays - Cosmopolitan The Hungarian Edition Of Cosmopolitan TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT 3 OVERVIEW OF THE HUNGARIAN MARKET 3 BACKGROUND 4 DESCRIPTION OF THE PRODUCT 4 THE CONCEPT OF THE PRODUCT 4 PROFILE OF THE TARGET CONSUMERS 5 CURRENT MARKET SITUATION 5 SWOT ANALYSIS 5 PEST ANALYSIS 6 STRUCTURE OF THE MAGAZINE 6 PRICING STRATEGY 7 PROMOTION MIX 7 ADVERTISING 7 SALES PROMOTION 8 PUBLIC RELATIONS 9 CONCLUSIONS 9 APPENDIX 10 LIST OF SOURCES 17 ABSTRACT Primarily based on an interview with Ms. Eniko Horvath, marketing manager of Cosmopolitan Hungary, this case study outlines the historical background of Cosmopolitan international editions and the peculiarities of the Hungarian version. The first issue brought about a revolution in the general approach of womens magazines in Hungary; Cosmopolitan immediately reached a leading market position that it still holds today. The paper discusses the layout and content of the magazine in an attempt to thoroughly describe this product. It illustrates some patterns of the magazine in terms of sales, number of subscribers and number of copies given out freely for promotional purposes. The pricing policy and the promotion mix adopted by Cosmopolitan as parts of its overall marketing strategy, are presented as well. We conclude that Cosmopolitan is a successful business in todays glossy magazines market in Hungary, since each upcoming issue is impatiently awaited by thousands of readers each month . OVERVIEW OF THE HUNGARIAN MARKET In Hungary the first magazines for women were published in the middle of the 19th Century. In the name of emancipation, Hungarian women demanded more womens magazines, fashion and beauty-care products. At that moment there were around 1,500 magazines on the market and their advertisements were mainly done through first-class fashion salons. After World War I, the so-called feminine press started to fade away and cultural magazines slowly took over. During the socialist era, a new type of magazines appeared on the Hungarian market and remained dominant for 40 years. One of them is still among the leading Hungarian magazines for women and is called Nok Lapja. After it's very first issue in 1949, it was declared to be a good, useful and essential magazine for honest, hard-working Hungarian women and remained so until the 1960's, when it also incorporated some elements of the Western culture. The economical and political changes which occurred in the past 10 years deeply affected the magazines market. The feminine press made a tremendous comeback, giving birth to newcomers and forcing old magazines to change. At present one can find more than 50 magazines dedicated to women readers. Some of them deal with so-called women issues in general, whereas some specialize in fashion, cooking, needlework and home decorating. In a market economy, magazines are like any other product, says Andrea Eszes, editor of Cosmopolitan. And products targeting women can make big profits in Hungary. If we just compare how much is spent on advertising each year in Hungary with the budget of the Ministry of Culture or that of the Ministry of National Defense, there is no wonder that this market is a primary business target for investors. The future holds fine prospects to these international glossy magazines that are published all over the world and combine some common characteristics with specific cultural elements of the host countries. But as they emerge and leave cultural magazines behind, they will bear the increasing responsibility of correcting the language usage and promoting visual culture to the public. BACKGROUND Cosmopolitan was founded in 1886 as a magazine for first-class families in the U.S. William Randolph Hearst acquired the magazine in 1905. In the middle of the century sales dropped and the management decided to change the concept of the magazine. Ever since, the Cosmopolitan concept - the magazine is for young women interested in fashion, beauty, career and sex has been alive. Helen Gurley Brown, who was appointed Editor in Chief in 1965, approached the idea of Cosmopolitan as a magazine for ambitious, career-conscious young women and even wrote a feminist best-seller. Today there are 37 international editions, making Cosmopolitan the largest selling young womens magazine in the whole world. It has an average of nearly 7 million buyers universally and more than 33 million readers per month. This gives Cosmopolitan the status of the first international first-class magazine. The Hungarian edition of Cosmopolitan was launched in November 1997, in accordance with the agreement between Hearst Corporation/VNU and