Personality Of Personality Disorders And The Wpa Section...

Personality disorder has being and issue among therapist and psychiatrist. Also Personality disorder is presently being acknowledged as an essential condition in standard psychiatry over the world. In spite of the fact that it regularly stays unrecognized in customary practice, research studies have demonstrated that it is familiar, makes significant bleakness, is connected with high expenses to administrations and to society, and meddles, generally adversely, with advancement in the treatment of other mental issue. We now have prove that personality issue, as of now arranged, influences around six percent of the world populace, and the contrasts between nations demonstrate no predictable variety. We are likewise getting expanding proof that a few medicines, for the most part mental, are of quality in this gathering of clutters. What is currently required is another characterization that is of more noteworthy worth to clinicians, and the WPA Section on Personality Disorders is at pre sent undertaking this mission. Most Korean psychiatric experts are acquainted with the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) characterization system. Although the International Classification of Disease (ICD) is the world order, and subsequently overshadows different groupings, the greater part of the progressions made in the grouping of identity issue in the most recent 30 years have been an immediate result of the presentation of the third amendment of (DSM-III) inShow MoreRelatedSAT Top 30 Essay Evidence18536 Words   |  75 Pagescharismatic and forceful risk-taker, and self-made man. Though he was not (as popular history claims) the â€Å"first† to â€Å"discover† America, he certainly was influential in increasing European ship traffic to the â€Å"New World† and was one of the personalities that shaped the history (and destiny) of the Americas. P age |9 Sacajawea (1778-1812) â€Å"As soon as they saw the squaw wife of the interpreter, they immediately all came out and appeared to assume new life, at the sight of this Indian

General Commentary of 1984 by George Orwell - 1514 Words

General Commentary of 1984 by George Orwell George Orwells dystopian (a fictional place where people lead dehumanized and fearful lives) vision of the year 1984, as depicted in what many consider to be his greatest novel, has entered the collective consciousness of the English-speaking world more completely than perhaps any other political text, whether fiction or nonfiction. No matter how far our contemporary world may seem from 1984s Oceania, any suggestion of government surveillance of its citizens -- from the threatened clipper chip, which would have allowed government officials to monitor all computer activity, to New York Mayor Rudy Giulianis decision to place security cameras in Central Park -- produces cries of Big†¦show more content†¦In his essay 1984: Enigmas of Power, Irving Howe writes, There can be no free space in the lives of the Outer Party faithful, nothing that remains beyond the command of the state. Sexual energy is to be transformed into political violence and personal hysteria. It is this rec ognition by the Party that there may be no element of human nature which can remain the province of the individual without endangering the Partys hold on its members that represents the great advance of Ingsoc (English Socialism, in OldSpeak) over previous totalitarian regimes. There was always room, notes Howe, in these previous regimes, for free space, that margin of personal autonomy which even in the worst moments of Stalinism and Hitlerism some people wanted to protect. The advance represented by Ingsoc, according to Emmanuel Goldsteins The Theory and Practice of Oligarchal Collectivism, the book written by a collective of Inner Party members including OBrien, is the realization by the Party that all previous oppressive regimes were nonetheless infected with liberal ideas about the individual: Part of the reason for this was that in the past no government had the power to keep its citizens under constant surveillance. The invention of print, however, made it easier to manipulate public opinion, and the film and the radio carried the process further. With theShow MoreRelatedGeorge Orwell s Emphasis Of The Two Minutes Hate1021 Words   |  5 PagesThe Reason Behind George Orwell’s Emphasis of the Two Minutes Hate Many technological advancements have been made throughout the years, and almost all people have access to some form of technology. In 1984 this is also true with technological advancements being made to their television and broadcasting systems. The technological advancements made to these items is the reason for George Orwell including the Two Minutes Hate in his book. He puts a lot of emphasis on this idea in the beginningRead MoreOrwells Such, Such Were the Joys....: Alienation and Other Such Joy1701 Words   |  7 PagesOrwells Such, Such Were the Joys....: Alienation and Other Such Joys George Orwell expresses a feeling of alienation throughout Such, Such Were the Joys.... He casts himself as a misfit, unable to understand his peers, the authorities placed over him, and the laws that govern his existence. Orwell writes, The good and the possible never seemed to coincide (37). Though he shows his ability to enumerate what is good, he resigns himself to a predestined state; uncertain of whereRead MoreEssay on Analysis of George Orwells 19844218 Words   |  17 PagesAnalysis of George Orwells 1984 War Is Peace. Freedom Is Slavery. Ignorance Is Strength. The party slogan of Ingsoc illustrates the sense of contradiction which characterizes the novel 1984. That the book was taken by many as a condemnation of socialism would have troubled Orwell greatly, had he lived to see the aftermath of his work. 1984 was a warning against totalitarianism and state sponsored brutality driven by excess technology. Socialist idealism in 1984 had turned to a total loss ofRead MoreHow George Orwell Grew into the Author of Animal Farm551 Words   |  2 PagesGeorge Orwell was originally named Eric Blair from Motihari, India, in 1903. Although he was raised in England. He moved to Spain after college where he attended Eton. Because of financial issues he could stay for long. He had trouble making money after colleges and was a struggling writer. He moved to Spain and joined one of the groups fighting against General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War. To stay economically stable after the w ar partook in all sorts of writing works. In 1941, he gotRead MoreSummary Of The Utopia Bible 1723 Words   |  7 Pagescreation; Nothing is more important, not even the meaning, in life than connecting with others, for we are all one in the universal consciousness; we are the all. The anthropic principle within the cybernetic sense, in correlation with the idea of general relativity, proves this fact; we are the all, for we created everything to connect with ourselves, to know what it means to be: reality is fake, people are all that is, so treat ‘em like it. Table of Contents 1.Introduction Author’s RegardsRead MoreHow To Write Literary Analysis4174 Words   |  17 Pagesperson telling the story. The narrator may straightforwardly report what happens, convey the subjective opinions and perceptions of one or more characters, or provide commentary and opinion in his or her own voice. Themes: The main idea or message of the work—usually an abstract idea about people, society, or life in general. A work may have many themes, which may be in tension with one another. Elements of Style These are the hows—how the characters speak, how the story is constructed, and

Causes and Consequences of World War 1 Free Essays

The causes of World War I, which began in central Europe in July 1914, included many intertwined factors, such as the conflicts and hostility of the four decades leading up to the war. Militarism, alliances, imperialism, and nationalism played major roles in the conflict as well. However, the immediate origins of the war lay in the decisions taken by statesmen and generals during the July Crisis of 1914, casus belli for which was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria and his wife by Gavrilo Princip, an irredentist Serb. We will write a custom essay sample on Causes and Consequences of World War 1 or any similar topic only for you Order Now The crisis came after a long and difficult series of diplomatic clashes between the Great Powers (Italy, France, Germany, Great Britain, Austria-Hungarian Empire and Russia) over European and colonial issues in the decade before 1914 that had left tensions high. In turn these diplomatic clashes can be traced to changes in the balance of power in Europe since 1867. [2] The more immediate cause for the war was tensions over territory in the Balkans. Austria-Hungary competed with Serbia and Russia for territory and influence in the region and they pulled the rest of the Great Powers into the conflict through their various alliances and treaties. The topic of the causes of World War I is one of the most studied in all of world history. Scholars have differed significantly in their interpretations of the event. Consequences of the War During and in the aftermath of the war the political, cultural, and social order was drastically changed in Europe, Asia and Africa, even outside the areas directly involved in the war. New countries were formed, old ones were abolished, international organizations were established, and many new and old ideologies took a firm hold in people’s minds. There were some general consequences from the creation of a large number of new small states in eastern Europe as a result of the dissolution of the German, Russian, Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman empires, and the regional disturbance of the Russian Civil War. Internally these new states tended to have substantial ethnic minorities, which wished to unite with neighboring states where their ethnicity dominated. One consequence of the massive redrawing of borders and the political changes in the aftermath of war was the large number of European refugees. Economic and military cooperation amongst these small states was minimal ensuring that the defeated powers of Germany and the Soviet Union retained a latent capacity to dominate the region. In the immediate aftermath of the war, defeat drove cooperation between Germany and the Soviet Union but ultimately these two powers would compete to dominate Eastern Europe. Perhaps the single most important event precipitated by the privations of World War I was the Russian Revolution of 1917. A socialist and often explicitly Communist revolutionary wave occurred in many other European countries from 1917 onwards, notably in Germany and Hungary. How to cite Causes and Consequences of World War 1, Essay examples

What Defines a Hero free essay sample

What defines a hero? Well there are many ways that a hero can be defined. A hero can be defined as a self sacrificer; they can be the friends at any cost, heroes are the first people to reach out a helping hand. Heroes are not defined as what many people think when they hear the word hero like super heroes for example super man; yes he is a hero but not a real life hero in the real world. Heroes function or operate in the real world by caring for others and not them self’s they are not considered selfish and they are risk takers. For example Fredrick Douglass, a former slave, wrote poetry, and wanted freedom for all slaves. How does a hero function in the real world? A hero can function in the real world in thousands of ways, example a police man, a police man does a every day job of risking his or hers life for others they arrest people who do things there not suppose to do or save people who are in danger. We will write a custom essay sample on What Defines a Hero or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Heroes can be any one like a six year old who becomes a hero to a band of toddlers, rescuers. Or maybe a firefighter who saves people from a burning building and put out fires, or how about people in the army. In some way all three of these things come together or are connected together to help people. All three heroes show determination for what they do. They are very heroic and remodels or leaders to others. People who save people and only do it for the fame are not considered as Heroes. There are many examples of a hero. Abraham Lincoln, the sixteenth president who freed all slaves by signing the emancipation proclamation that stopped slavery forever. He is a hero because even though he knew that it would be a risk of freeing slaves he still took the risk he knew that what slave owners were doing to slaves was wrong. Fredrick Douglass was known as a former slave who wrote poetry he cared about all slaves and wanted freedom for his self and all slaves. A six year old becomes a hero to toddlers after saving them during and after hurricane Katrina and reunited them back with their mothers. These heroes also face many challenges and have the strength to overcome these challenges. How ever, there are things that do not define a hero like superheroes and people who only do it for the fame are not considered heroes. Athletes and celebrities are not heroes they are someone we in general look up to and want to be successful like them, they are mostly the ones who are displayed and shown through movies and television. They are the main interest in society today. However, this should not be the case, since athletes and celebrities do not fit exactly under the category of what a hero is defined as. â€Å"So what? , do you get the understanding of heroes and what defines a hero, the function or how a hero operates in the real world and examples of a hero also negation showing what is not a hero. A hero is someone who is admired for his or hers achievements and his or hers noble qualities. It is someone who is brave and courageous and extremely devoted to something. A hero is someone who cares for the well being and others without seeking attention for fame. Someone who goes beyond ones expectations is considered a hero. Any one can be a hero and that’s what defines a hero.

The prologue sets the audiences expectations of violence Essay Example

The prologue sets the audiences expectations of violence Essay The prologue sets the audiences expectations of violence very highly; a strong quotation to illustrate this, from ancient grudge to ancient mutiny meaning an old rage will become new rage again. The word mutiny means riot, so violence has got to be involved just from that, right? The section doth with their death bury their parents strife, the fearful passage of their death- marked love, and the continuance of their parents rage, which but their childrens end nought could remove, exhibits that Romeo and Juliets love is marked with death, and the continuance of their love would make their parents angry nothing but Romeo and Juliets death could stop the feud.Consequently from the prologue we can clearly see that the audiences expectations of violence would unambiguously be high it also generates the readers very first expectations of the play almost immediately as the reader has begun to read the play. Another clever technique used by Shakespeare because there would be a lot of time in the play to twist and turn things before leading to the culmination death. After the prologue we are left in a sense of insecurity and curiosity, it sets the tone and whets the readers appetite for the rest of the play as well as the oncoming action, which engages the viewer. Of course they would most definitely want to read on as the plot uncovers.Prejudice leads to escalating violence, as the prejudice between the Capulets and Montagues led to increasing violence. It builds tension and eventually leads to someones death. A clever technique, but its not all that simple because there were twists and turns, and a huge amount of unpredictability that was ever-present to whet our appetite before a characters death. Shakespeare has included violence and death in his play to encompass a contrasting genre to love and romance. Moreover the violence adds to the drama of the play, the audience want to see the outcome of the violence involved; hence engaging the viewer.As a result of the violence it makes the audience do or feel any of these elements sub-consciously: take sides, feel pity for characters, get excited or become curious or frightened. As I stated before the violence generates tension and a sense of danger, this immediately brings the action to life. Bear in mind that as the audience we are privy to all of the action the characters are not; this is dramatic irony. Shakespeare uses dramatic irony by telling us significant and important things, which would ultimately change the course of the play. This builds tension because we would know anything that would evoke violence, which other characters wouldnt.In Verona, the feud between the Capulets and Montagues reigns supreme, and rules seemingly over love, over justice, in an almost unfair manner, as civil blood makes civil hands unclean (prologue). The image of violence being so unfair exists prominently in the deaths of so many of the cast. We see the two obvious images of the tragic death brought on by violence, in the two lovers Romeo and Juliet.Their young, pure lives are brought to a despicable end through the violence around them. Had this whole bloody feud between the Capulets and Montagues never of been so great, then they would have been able to marry in peace and happiness, instead of doing all that they could, but only to end up dead together in Juliets tomb. Quite an unfair notion. This image along with the death of Romeos friend Mercutio helps to convey the idea that violence is an unfair, powerful aspect of their world. When Romeo convinces Mercutio to not confront Tybalt, then Mercutio pays the price with his death an ambush from his sly opponent.Therefore, what seemed as a positive outcome turns into a great loss for both sides of the feud, which comes across as unfair to whomever looks upon the situation. Then to take revenge upon Tybalt, Romeo runs him through and slays him to only avenge his friend. Afterward, he is banished from the city for that deed, even tho ugh it was Tybalt who had started the whole quarrel. Whats done is done, yet Romeo has suffered greatly from something that was not entirely his fault. These instances all show how violence is shown as a very unfair image, and a very rotten one at that.The play Romeo and Juliet takes place, most generally in the cities of Verona and Mantua, Italy. Verona is the home of the Capulet and Montague families. A majority of the action in the play takes place out-of-doors in Verona, from the fruitful Capulet orchard to the violence of the tomb area, where the lovers take their lives. The vision of the world suggested by the setting is social, in spite of the political connotations that arise when the lovers are told that they are to hate each other because of their names.Violence arises from this and it involves Romeo and Juliet struggles against social institutions that either explicitly or implicitly oppose the existence of their love. Public violence and riots take places as a result of this. Such structures range from the concrete to the abstract: families and power in the father; law and the desire for order; religion; and the social importance placed on masculine honour. The importance of honour for example time and again results in violence, and brawls that disturb public peace. Though they do not work in concert, each of these societal institutions in some way present obstacles for Romeo and Juliet, violence being one of them.The enmity between their families, coupled with the emphasis placed on loyalty and honour create a profound conflict for Romeo and Juliet, who must rebel against their heritages. This resulting in escalating violence and eventually leading to someones death. The law and social powers brings violence into the equation, which the blind passion of love cannot comply. The maintenance of masculine honour forces Romeo to commit actions he would prefer to avoid. But the social emphasis placed on masculine honour is so profound the Romeo cannot s imply ignore them. Their love is seemingly shadowed by violence; the constant violence is preventing their love to continue.

American Shaolin essays

American Shaolin essays This is the story of Matthew Pollys journey to the Shaolin Temple in China, that began by listening to his inner voice about things that where bad with himself. On the first place, when he was fifteen years old he noticed that he was ignorant and discovered the way to solve this issue by reading, by writing, and by noticing he was very good at college. On second place in his issue list he wrote Cowardly. He concentrated very much in this weakness and while working on that, he was getting through each one of the other items of his list and he got to erase all of them. He was obsessed with the art of Kung Fu, and also he seemed to be very interested in the Chinese culture, influenced by the series of Kung Fu (of the year 1970s) and also about all the Chinese American character Caine, interpreted by David Caradine. He hoped to eliminate cowardly practicing this discipline, he was obsessed. Still he was looking after to the achievement of his dream. He dropped out of the Princeton College earlier than he was supposed to, and flew from Kansas to Beijing, China and began his journey looking for the Shaolin Temple in search of spiritual enlightens and kicking powers.After he had traveled some streets and places, he arrived to the Tianan men square and so in different places he was asking about where is the Shaolin Temple, in this search he got to know about the way of life of the Chinese people. Finally he arrived at the Zheng Zhou and Deug Feng, the temple is thirty minutes far away. This book is divided into not chapters but books. Chapter one or Book 1 takes place in Topeka, Kansas and in the Princeton College. In this book there are not much of main characters, just the main character Matthew Polly. This book talks about how everything started, his goals, his desires, and the why he decided to start his journey. It introduces us about the list that he has created in his head that talks ...

Health Promotion Issue Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Health Promotion Issue - Essay Example One such issue is the issue of smoking among health promoters. This issue is one of the most common issues in health care because it negates the teachings and goals which the health practitioners seek for their patients. Patients who have cardiovascular diseases and respiratory tract diseases may find it hard to take their doctor or nurse seriously if these health professionals advice them to quit smoking. In the end, the credibility of these health promoters is diminished. This paper shall now identify the way in which politics relates to this health promotion issue. In addition, it shall consider one theoretical knowledge base (advocacy) and evaluate the way it relates to practice. This paper is being carried out in order to establish a clear understanding of health promotion and the issues which interfere with it. Discussion Health promoters like nurses, doctors, pharmacists, occupational therapists, and other health professionals have vulnerabilities similar to the general popula tion. Just as the general population can be vulnerable to addictive behaviours and substance abuse, so can health promoters (Ayad, 2010, p. 11). The difference is that these health promoters are fully aware of the dangers that their possible addictions can bring to their body and their overall health condition. Moreover, the fact that these health promoters teach and educate their patients and the general public about applying and implementing healthy habits into their life, makes the addictive behaviours a greater concern (Ayad, 2010, p. 11). For the most part, they are compromising their credibility and believability as health professionals and as health promoters. Statistics in the US indicate that smokers among the health professionals are mostly nurses, with about 8% of nurses being smokers and only 1% of physicians being smokers (Ayad, 2010, p. 11). The fact that some of these health professionals smoke within health facilities makes this issue an even more difficult one to re solve. In the UK, the issue of smoking is more prevalent in the nursing profession, with about 30% of nurses being smokers, as compared to doctors with only about 9% of them being smokers (Nursing Times, 2008). With the above scenario in the health care practice, the issue of health promotion now stems from the credibility of health promoters who are also smokers. The health promotion process among nurses, doctors, and other health professionals can be considered in the wider area of health promotion – in terms of politics and research. Politics, more specifically, legislation and policy-making can help implement wider health promotion standards. In different countries and institutions, no smoking ordinances have been used as a means of promoting better health for the general population. In a study by Fichtenberg and Glantz (2002, p. 325), the authors set out to evaluate the impact of having smoke-free workplaces on smoking employees. This study was able to establish that hav ing totally smoke-free workplaces are linked with the reduced prevalence of smoking among smokers. The combination of decreased ease and convenience by which smokers can indulge their habits is effectively reducing the prevalence of smoking among health promoters. Moreover, smoke-free workplaces help protect non-smokers from the negative effects of passive smoking (Fichtenberg and Glantz, 2002, p. 325). Non-smoking policies in hospitals and in other health care facilities assist in the process of reducing smoking among hea

Brief a case Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Brief a case - Essay Example Once the work under the second contract was completed the defendant called the plaintiff’s computer operator once monthly to enquire as to how the computer system was working and asked for the claim number had been arrived at. The software program modified by the defendant contained insurance claims by the plaintiff’s clients and each claim was identified by a specific number. As it turned out the computer system crashed when it reached claim number 56789. The crash had been orchestrated by the defendant who had been losing clients. The defendant had deliberately and secretly entered a â€Å"conditional statement† in the plaintiff’s software program which directed the program to stop working when it reached claim number 56789. Satisfied that the plaintiff had already paid the defendant more than enough money for his services, the plaintiff hired another expert to fix the problem. It was this expert who discovered the conditional statement entered by the de fendant. In any event, the second expert fixed the plaintiff’s computer and was paid US$7,000 for his troubles. The plaintiff subsequently sued the defendant for breach of contract with respect to the second contract. The plaintiff sought compensatory and punitive damages against the defendant. Specifically, the plaintiff sought US$18,000 in punitive damages and US$7,000 in damages, the amount paid to the second expert to remedy the problem deliberately created by the defendant. RULE: As a general rule in the law of contract, punitive damages are not awarded. However, under breach of contract claims, punitive damages may be awarded where the award is necessary for deterring â€Å"morally culpable conduct† (Halpin v Prudential Ins. Co. 48 N.Y. 2d 906). Although the plaintiff specifically requested punitive damages, punitive damages can be awarded even when it is not

What is meant by technological determinism Please evaluate Essay

Technological Determinism - Essay Example However, an understanding of technological determinism will be required in order to prove this argument. In addition, the analysis of various concepts of technological determinism will be required so that the role of technology in facilitating the modern social networks and communication can be achieved. The main question of the essay: Is it true that technology is the cause of the changes in the modern society in regards to the socialization process within online communities as argued by technological determinists?  Ã‚  In order to answer the above question, various journal sources of information on the topic will be used within the main essay. According to Hartman (2007), the definition of technological determinism and the meaning of this phrase go beyond faster computing and technological processes. This article is a credible material that will be used to achieve an accurate definition of the term technological determinism. Using this article the various concepts which relate to this phrase will also is described so that a basis for its analysis can be set. The theoretical framework surrounding technological determinism will also be analyzed within the main essay. This will involve an evaluation of opposing theories such as Moore’s law and Marxism in relation technological determinism so that different understanding of the role of technology in social change can be ascertained. In describing and analyzing the theoretical aspects which describe technological determinism, articles by Sherman (2008) and Ceruzzi (2007) will be referred to in the main essay. Sherman (2008) will allow an understanding of technological determinism from the Marxism point of view.   On the other hand, Ceruzzi (2007) in his article will enable a clear understanding of technological determinism in line with the advances in technology such as an increased computer processing speeds and its use within social networks.   

The Impacts Of Tourism Development Tourism Essay

The Impacts Of Tourism Development Tourism Essay The aim of the study is to examine the importance of tourism development in the region of Trou-aux-Biches whilst investigating the benefits and drawbacks of such a development. Objectives of study The objectives of the study are to Assess the perceptions of inhabitants towards tourism development in the region. Investigate the benefits and drawbacks of tourism development in the region. Explore the transformation that the region and the locals have experienced during its tourism development phase. To know to what extent the host community is involved in decision making concerning tourism development. Problem Statement Contemporarily, tourism industry is a thriving industry and has become a boon for many countries, most especially for the developing countries that have no other reliable and alternative resources other than tourism. Tourism contributes drastically to the local economy, social and environmental aspects (quoted from?!!). Many local communities recognize that tourism can inspire change in social, cultural, economic and environmental dimensions, where tourism interests have had a close bond with the local people (Richards Hall 2000, Beeton; 2006). Initially, the economic aspect is one of the most significant aspects which is affected by tourism as it acts as an export industry by generating revenues to the host country. A host nation will gain foreign exchange, which will contribute to improve the nations balance of payments (Liu and Var, 1986; Dogan, 1987, Gee et al, 1997) Furthermore, improvements in the social area are equally of vital importance as it helps the locals to get employment in the tourism sector. Thus, it decreases unemployment by creating new job opportunities (Sheldon and Var, 1984). Consequently, the inhabitants also have a better standard of living and advanced income with the tourism activities. Moreover, environment as well plays a fundamental role in the tourism context. The environment is perhaps one of the most vital providers to the allure and magnetism of a destination. Picturesque spots, pleasant climates and distinctive landscape attributes have an essential impact in tourism development and the spatial circulation of tourism movement (Coccossis and Nijkamp, 1995). Increasing for tourism encourages new infrastructure investment (Inskeep, 1991), and communication and transport possibilities (Milman and Pizam, 1988). However, if tourism is not well planned and managed, it may lead to negative impacts and reduce the efficiency of the positive ones. The benefits received from tourism development many not always be positive, but also has the prospective for negative outcomes at the local level (Lankford Howard, 1994). Thus, it is usually believed that residents perceptions are of vital importance and they should be involved in the crucial planning and policy consideration of the successful tourism development. Chapter 2: Literature review This chapter provides a synopsis on tourism development and most specifically residents perceptions regarding tourism expansion in Mauritius. Many examples are based on the region of Trou-aux-Biches where the opinions of the residents have been taken into consideration. The literature review will be based on the following topics which are mainly: tourism development, tourism impacts, and residents perceptions towards tourism development. 2.1 Introduction: Tourism is one of the largest growing industries in the world (Choi et al, 2008; United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) 2009). Tourism has been a great help and a boon to many countries, most especially the developing countries or countries with no alternative resources other than tourism. However in recent years, a change has been observed in the behavior of tourists. Tourists are now getting more and more interested in destination whereby local cultural, ethnics, indigenous customs and the historical heritage have their own importance and where they are managed in a responsible manner. There is no doubt that tourism contributes significantly to major economic benefits of countries, especially in the case of Small Island Developing State (SIDS) countries like Mauritius. Nevertheless, several studies have also shown that tourism industry also contributes to environmental degradation and negative social and cultural impacts (Choi et al, 2008). Nowadays, tourism is valued as an economic giant not only for developing countries but even for the developed countries worldwide (Chand et al, 2012). Tourism has been proved to be a means of economic growth and job creation in the local communities. The tourism sector does not only generate wealth but also enhance assess to fundamental services, for instance, infrastructures development, sanitation, telecommunication, transport and so forth. The residents support has a fundamental significance in the tourism development. If the residents do not approve of having tourists in their particular region, it can cause a huge chaos which can affect the whole community at large. That is why, the whole society needs to come together so that they can work for the benefits of their areas and hence, achieve heights. If seen closely, it is the people of the community itself that benefits enormously from the tourism development. Apart from the benefits mentioned above, they also come to learn abou t different cultures and languages; they become more confident and their communication skills get better. It also gives the people a real sense of pride and identity of their community. Even though tourism is beneficial in many levels, particularly economy, nonetheless, there are some strings attached to it. Tourism inexorably brings with it cultural and environmental degradation. For this reason, many tourism organization or hotels itself are taking initiatives to go green, that is, the latter are going towards sustainable development for a better future. 2.2 Tourism development in Mauritius: Tourism has come out as a chief development industry in many countries and Mauritius is no exception. This means that an increasing proportion of the worlds population is dependent upon the continuing growth of tourism for employment and income.(Faulkner and Tideswell, 1997). Mauritius being a small island in the Indian Ocean has been able to make recognition of itself in the tourism world and is considered today as one of the best and appreciated destinations in the world. The tourism industry in Mauritius adds up to 11 % and has been a crucial aspect in the overall expansion of Mauritius (Stephen Moores, 2012). Tourists love the island because of its tropical climate, natural and man-made appeals but mostly because of its exquisite beaches and lagoons and its cultural diversity. Mauritius has made a reputation for outstanding service in the tourism industry. Since the beginning of tourism in the island which was in 1970, this industry has been expanding accordingly, hence increasing from 18,000 in 1970, to 103,000 in 1977 and then to 656,450 in 2000 (Mauritius Attractions, 2013). After a decade, which is in August 2011, the numbers of tourists increased to 925,000 which is something spectacular in itself for the country (AXYS Stockbrocking Ltd, 2012). The numbers are already reaching 1 million visitors which was the prime purpose of the government. Though tourism is still the third pillar of the economy of Mauritius just after the manufacturing and agricultural sector, it is contributing significantly on the economy and has been also being a chief aspect in the development in Mauritius in general. Furthermore, the main market of tourists arrival in Mauritius is the European, chiefly from France and the Great Britain. The nearby Reunion French Territory is the most important short haul source market accounting for about 13% of total tourist arrivals (Mauritius Attractions, 2013). It is followed by South Africa, Germany, India, Italy, Switzerland, Australia, China and Russia (Wikipedia, 2012). During the recent years, there has been a drastic change in the arrival of tourists from the Republic of China as the government decided to diversify the market due to the financial crisis in Europe (Wikipedia, 2012). There has been a 5 % decline in the arrivals of tourists from Europe due to the economic downturn (Central Statistics Office, 2012). Although there has been a slight decrease from the tourists coming from Europe, the tourism revenue attained 30 billion for the period of January to September which in itself is quite enormous despite going through such struggle (Defi Media, 201 1). Nevertheless, in 2012 the Bank of Mauritius expected an increase in the tourism revenue from 42.8 billion to 43.2 billion Mauritius rupees thanks to higher arrivals (Bank of Mauritius, 2012). However, now Mauritius is making a huge attempt to expand new markets so that it can attract diverse type of tourists. Our tourist industry is extremely eurocentric and, given whats happening in Europe, we are suffering big-time, says Gilbert Espitalier- Noà «l, director of Espitalier Noà «l Ltd (ENL), a dynamic business group in Mauritius. After seeing one of Mauritius main competitors that is Maldives drawing interest in China tourists, hence Mauritius is also trying to do the same. Mauritius is also trying to pull attention on other markets like Russia and India (Stephen Moores, 2012). But with many west European countries in recession, a decline of 6 percent in European tourists to 279,643 -still around two-thirds of arrivals was partly offset by an increase of 16.7 percent in visitor numbers from Asia to 51,353, Statistics Mauritius said. 2.3 Tourism and the local community One of the most essential aspects of tourism is that it takes into consideration the ambitions and opinions of the local or host communities. Tourism can make a destination popular and well liked if they are welcomed in a good manner and well treated in that particular locality. When a community is implicated in one way or another in the tourism development in a region, it gives them a sense of being a part of this industry. Moreover, the locals usually are at high advantage of the tourism development occurring in their particular regions. Tourism has been a blessing in disguise for many residents and has brought a radical change in their lives. With the advent of this industry, the lives of people or the country at large has transformed to a great extent, whether it is the economy, job creation, standard of living, infrastructures, foster peace and stability among others. Tourism has helped Mauritius extensively on the economic level at such a time when the countrys other sectors were going through bad phases. Not only the coastal regions are at benefits of the tourist development in their regions but even region like Arsenal which is found in the North of Mauritius, is benefitting of this industry. The village has quite a number of shops and shopping malls where tourists come in masses to do shopping. Hence, it can be seen that tourism helps in almost all the medium and small ventures of the country. These days community-based tourism (give proper definition of community-based tourism!) is gaining esteem worldwide as an alternative to mass tourism. This new kind of tourism supports a connection with the local residents and the experimentation of diverse sensations. Community based tourism is thus regarded as a means to enhance community development, cultural heritage and conservation. It should also be used to deal with poverty (Equation, 2008). The chief advantages of Community based tourism (CBT) are observed to create jobs, alleviate poverty, pride and satisfaction, community capacity building, revenue for preserving and upgrading the cultural sites. . If community based tourism is well planned and done through the whole community, it can bring on great economic benefits to the community itself. Ultimately, local communities are the chief reasons that enable tourists to discover local habitats, wildlife and celebrate and respect traditional cultures, rituals and wisdoms. However, community-based tourism is not a cure and cannot be seen as the only solution but it can be used as a powerful tool to achieve areas development (Telfer Sharpley; 2008). Nevertheless, any community based tourism practices will not be fruitful unless it is carry out in a responsible manner. Community based tourism practices in Mauritius are very limited but exist in Mauritius. One example where community based tourism has been practiced is when there was the construction of Le Trou Aux Biches Hotel, whereby major benefits were provided to the inhabitants such as job creation, new health centre, new post office, new police station and better infrastructure. However, even throughout this practice there were some constraints such as poor marketing access. It is important to highlight that twenty three people, being inhabitants of the locality were unaware of the facilities and benefits that the project were bringing. Those twenty people even objected that an EIA (Environmental Impact Assessment) license be issued for this project. It was later on after clearing all confusion that finally this project was finally accepted by the whole community. Hence, in this case it can clearly be concluded that a good communication system is important between the development organization and the community. 2.4: The roles of stakeholders in tourism development Tourist friendly destination is a concept that provides satisfaction by fulfilling tourists wants and needs through the maximization aspects of space, activity and products sans interference and or problems, beginning from a tourists place of origin all way to the desired tourism destination (Anuar, Ahmad, Jusoh Hussain, 2012). A thriving tourism development relies hugely on exceptional collaboration and communication between all stakeholders engaged in the tourism scheme. Hence, tourism is a complicated social structure. Stakeholders are any individual or groups who can affect or is affected by the success of an organizations goals (Freeman, R.E, 1984). Stakeholders can easily influence or be influenced or affected by the organizations deeds, aims and strategies. Moreover, the stakeholders in the tourism sectors are: residents, local companies, employees, media, or is competitors, government, business organizations, tourists, activists and last but not least, tourism developers. The figure below shows a tourism stakeholder map adapted by Freeman. Full-size image (10 K) Fig1: Tourism Stakeholder Map- Adapted from Freeman (Freeman 1984:55) Besides, it is imperative to include all stakeholders, and most predominantly the stakeholders, in the developing process of tourism. A tourism venture cannot thrive without their supports. Stakeholders in a tourist destination refer tourists (as demand), industries (as the supplier) and last of all, hosts like the local community and the environment (Pavlovich, 2003). In a study by Ritchie and Crotch (2003), stakeholders in tourism destinations are classified as suppliers and supporting industries, marketing intermediaries and facilitators, members of the public and local as well as foreign customers. The most vital thing to bear in mind is to take the consideration of the locals as they can easily damage the tourism destination by opposing to the decisions made by the topmost stakeholders. To begin with, the role of the government is a fundamental one as they are in charge in setting policies and legislative structures in the industry. Government involvement may be essential so as to help in decreasing poverty and also to enhance the involvement of tourism to socio-economic development. The main aim why governments should devise a tourism development strategy is initially to regulate and handle the negative areas of the tourism industry, mainly the negative social and environmental effects. (give examples to what government has contributed to tourism in Mauritius) 2.5: Residents attitudes towards tourism development It has been broadly known that tourism development is a mixed blessing for host communities. Mathieson et al (1982) defines the host community as the inhabitants of the destination area and it is their attitudes which will lead to the success of the tourism industry. Tourism development does not only make profits but it also inflicts costs (Jafari, 2001). Attitudes are described as the mind-set of an individual towards values (Allport 1966, p. 24) and as an enduring predisposition towards a particular aspect of ones environment (McDougall Munro 1987, p. 87). They are put together upon the perceptions and ideas of reality, but are directly linked to intensely held principles and ethics. Based on this insight of attitudes, researchers understood that residents attitudes regarding tourism are not merely the evidences of residents perceptions of tourism impacts, but the results of interaction between residents perceptions and the factors affecting their attitudes (Lankford et al. 1994). Moreover, tourism brings considerable social, economic and environmental impacts to local communities and the surrounding areas (Weaver et al, 2002). The nature and magnitude of these impacts have been a major concern for planners, community leaders and social scientists for several decades. Residents attitude toward tourism development is a much acknowledged research topic and in the last few decades, many researches have been conducted in this field. Hence, the emergence of several tourism impacts studies and ways to measure residents attitudes came into surface. The researchers began to use several resident attitude related attributes to outline perceived tourism impacts by the residents. In this decade, many researchers like Chen (2000), Andriotis (2005), Choi et al (2005), and Wang et al (2008) have studied different aspects of resident attitudes toward tourism. Furthermore, Chen (2000) investigated loyalty to tourism from an urban perspective in Virginia and three dimensions were used which were benefits, impacts and equity. A twenty seven attitude scale and three dimensions consisting of benefits, impacts and equity were used for this study (Mc Cool et al, 1994). It was found that the residents were likely to agree that first tourism attracts more spending and investment in the community economy; secondly tourism encourages a variety of cultural activities by the local population, thirdly, the overall benefits outweigh the negative impacts and last but not least, tourism provides many worthwhile employment opportunities (Chen, 2000). The results imply that urban residents were apt to believe that tourism creates benefits for their communities from both economic and cultural perspectives. Moreover, respondents were likely to have endorsing attitudes toward the tourism development surrounding their community. Besides, it was found that faith ful and devoted residents felt that total tourism benefits should surpass the negative influences whereas the non faithful locals were more alarming about the traffic congestion and land pricing. As far as Wang et al (2008) studies are concerned, the latter made an investigation from a rural perception. The key structure used in the study is the social theory exchange (Ap 1992) and it was carried out in Washington, North Carolina. The social exchange for this study uses the concept of sociology and psychology known as A Tourism Impact Attitude Scale (Lankford et al, 1994). The perceived personal advantages were subsequently considered and it was found that residents perceptions of personal advantages from tourism were intensely attached with their approach toward the tourism industry in a positive way. In the demographic outline where the genders were segmented, it was noticed that male respondents perceived less benefits associated with downturn improvement and occupations linked to arts and cultural features than their female counterparts. For this reason, additional segmentation was carried down with respect to the demographic profile. As far as Andriotis (2005) is concerned he also carried out a survey on the perceptions of the local people in Crete and their preferences for the tourism growth. In this survey, the perceptions of tourism growth were assessed in three Cretan community groups. To begin with, there were residents who generally rely on tourism employments, followed by non dependent residents and lastly tourism business people. It was found that all of the three groups showed a high degree of optimistic approach toward tourism and tourism development, although if there was some difference of judgments for the types of tourists, kind of facilities and actions deemed helpful for the island. In addition, there has been a different type of residents attitude which is known as Cohort Analytical Approach. This study concentrates upon the transformations in residents attitudes toward tourism over a period of time and the study was done by Huh et al (2007). A seven years periods Tourism Impacts Tourism is now particularly recognized as a foremost economic contributor in many destinations around the world, increasing value for foreign exchange but is also support for the export businesses and social, environmental and historical resources support and protection. As so many industries, tourism industry has also displayed a rapid growth and has become an international industry. Certain growths are communication technologies, comfort, speed, capacity and price on transport vehicles (Ceken et al., 2008). Costs of tourism and economic advantages reach practically everybody in an area in one way or another. Our quality of life of our citizens is impacted by the tourism economy that we have. (Barry Armstrong, 2004). Tourism impacts can boost an economys through various positive economic impacts. Nevertheless, it can also have some negative outcomes that can cause a downfall to a countrys economy. Positive economic tourism impacts: Today, tourism is one of the largest industries and offers the most economic revenue. Hence, various countries worldwide attach significance to this industry. In addition, tourism industry is a significant industry for developing, less developed and island countries such as Mauritius itself or Cyprus for instance, as it expands economic growth, foreign currency input, income and employment. These countries, principally island countries see tourism as an economic rescuer and knight in a shining armor and also an opportunity for growth. In other words, tourism offers imperative contributions for development in the country, as tourism is an element of development strategy (Ozbey, 2002). Tourism industrys extensive involvements to national economy are a known reality. For this very reason, developed and developing countries have attached enormous significance to tourism (Ozturk and Yazicioglu, 2002). Its excessive development and growth rates, considerable amounts of foreign currency inf lows, infrastructure improvement, and beginning of new organization and educational experience vigorously affect several sectors of economy, which positively contribute to the economic and social growth of the country as a whole (Mirbabayev et al, no year). A sector such as travel and tourism cannot fail to have influence on the cultures, people and most significantly the economies of destination regions or countries. Furthermore, it is most frequently the positive economic impacts that convince companies or businesses, governments and individuals to get engage with the tourism expansion in the first place. The largely highly developed western countries, such as Austria, Switzerland and France have gathered a big deal of their economic and social welfare on profits from tourism (Mirbabayev et al, no year). The tourism industry has the aptitude to provide a range of positive impacts, the most vital of which are: increased domestic income and foreign currency, increased employment, improved infrastructures, carrying capacity, improved standard of living, purchasing power increases when the income increases, goodwill of a country increases, community based tourism and so forth. Employment creation: Tourisms aptitude to create jobs is one of the chief motives why governments support its expansion. According to a current statistic, tourism provides about 10 % of the worldwide income and provides employment for almost one tenth of the worlds workforce (Mirbabayev et al, no year). As employment, in the year 2009, 1.2 million citizens worked in only Spa tourism in the world (turizmden.com, 2009).When evaluate with creating jobs in the manufacturing sector, service sector employments in tourism is perceived as a comparatively cheap and easy means of making employments accessible, given that the associated start-up expenses are generally lower. Tourism does not only create direct employments but it also creates indirect employments. The direct employments in tourism takes place in areas, for instance, hotels, transport operators, travel agencies, tour guides, government divisions and so forth. While for the indirect employments, there is banking, transport companies, construction and street vendors, For example, in Trou- aux- Biches, there are many salespersons who sell their products on the beaches and many craft markets are also available around in the coastal areas. Through the means of direct and indirect employments, tourism enhances the common purchasing power of ordinary citizens. Economic multiplier effect: Tourism not only generates employment in the tertiary sector but it also supports development in the primary and secondary sector of the industry. It is known as the multiplier effect which simply means how many times money spent by a tourist flows or circulates through a countrys economy. The direct economic impacts are those that take place at the front line of the tourism enterprise. Therefore, when tourists spend their money in hotels, restaurants,  transportation  and  communication  services and retail outlets, for example, this will create direct income, output,  government  revenue and  employment  effects, as well as requiring some direct imports of goods and services. (Fletcher, J.E, 1993) As for indirect one, for example, when tourists spend their money in a restaurant, thus the restaurant will use some of the money it obtains on food and beverages, transports, heating among others. The hotel in Trou-aux-Biches, for instance, buys vegetables from the local farmers who may use some of the money on clothes or fertilizers. The demand of the local goods and products rise as tourist often buy souvenirs and meals which enhances secondary employment. The multiplier effect carries on until the money is ultimately leaks from the economy through imports, which is the purchasing of goods from other countries. Increased foreign currency and domestic income: The travel and tourism sector produces revenues and wealth for local councils, private individuals, businesses, voluntary bodies and national governments-from the modest income earned by a couple running a bed and breakfast business in Trou-aux-Biches to the millions of rupees generated by the Beachcomber resorts in the region and the billions of pounds earned from tourism by many countries around the world. At global level, money that tourists spend in a country can play significant role to its balance of payments, for instance, the flows of money into and out of a country. Moreover, tourism contributes to the economy as foreign currency contribution and employment (Ozbey, 2002).  Many developing countries are going towards tourism industry as a way of boosting their foreign exchange and hence, spending the money they obtain from tourism to improve education, health and social facilities. Mauritius foreign exchange increased to 3046.30 USD Million in December of 2012 from 2990.70 USD Million in November of 2012 (Bank of Mauritius, 2013). Tourism also brings in huge amount of foreign currency for an LEDC (less economically developed country). One of the recurring themes of the twentieth century has been that poor countries have not often found that they do not have enough foreign currency to import the raw materials that they need. For example, Tanzania suffered from a severe balance of payment deficit, so much so, that it simply couldnt afford to import enough oil to industrialize. What tourism does is bring in foreign currency, which allows LEDCs to import machinery, in order for them to industrialize and commence economic development. Foreign earnings have also been used in this way in Kenya, where $400 million a year in foreign currency comes in, to buy the products and services necessary for development (EssayWriter.Co.UK, 2005) Better infrastructure: Besides, tourism speeds up infrastructure and superstructure development. Infrastructure works are water, electricity, roads, communication, transportation and so forth. Superstructure works are accommodations, restaurants, entertainment centers among others. Many countries work to meet the world benchmarks with such infrastructures and superstructure works. For example, in the year 2005, a second airplane was built in Antalya airport where a lot of investments were spent for transportation and telecommunication and hence, Antalya exerted to seize the world standards (Turizm ve Otelcilik Portali, 2009). Another example is the residents also benefit from infrastructure and superstructure facilities, several services such as police, fire brigade, health services (Ozturk and Yazicioglu, 2002). For instance the region of Trou-aux-Biches has seen a major transformation with the new development of roads, renovation of police station, facilities such as a modern dispensary, post office and a bank. It all happened because the tourism industry is flourishing in the region. Same applies for the expansion of the Sir Seewoosagur International Airport where the government is spending billions of money with the intention to accommodate more numbers of tourists. Hence in a way through tourism industry, the country is seeing great transformation which is in a positive way. It is good to remember that infrastructure and superstructure works prepared by giving significance to environment form great costs in the beginning, but these works will revolve as long-term income for future (Aslan and Aktas, 1994). Negative economic impacts: Positive socio-cultural impacts Tourism has several of socio-cultural impacts. This means that social constitution; the cultures and traditions can be influenced, altered, or even totally substituted due to tourism. These socio-cultural impacts are hospitality, culture (art, religions, and historical remains), education and custom and traditions (Kilià §, 2003). There is a strong connection between tourism and culture. For instance, it boosts attributes of local activities such as festival, art and folklore (Ozbey, 2002), supports to safeguard cultural and historical sites. Each and every of these aspects can actually create chaos in peoples holiday. Most particularly, historical treasures, ethnography and archaeological museums in Turkey can be taken as an example (Kilià §, 2003). For example, Istanbul links tourists with its cultural and historical appeals and due to its several attributes, it obtained 2010 Culture Capital of Europe title. Furthermore, in order to enhance the tourism industry, enormous capital is spent to protect and conserve the local heritage, to enhance infrastructures, to offer better local facilities which in turn creates better education system, enhanced leisure facilities, and hence a superior standard of living of the local people. The inhabitants become more knowledgeable as they interact with tourists with different languages.   Tourism gives appreciation opportunity existence of several cultures to tourists who learn these cult

I. C. T. :: Computer Science

I. C. T. DATA LOGGING AND CONTROL IDENTIFY My comrade (General Moeen Ahmed Abbasi) who was about to start his business of manufacturing new fighting jets had asked me to make him a system by which he could be able to see how his business was running. The reason for why he had asked me this is that I had my own business of developing new software and hardware. I went to meet him and he told me that he needed such an application by which he could be able to see his: Ø company details Ø employees details Ø customer details Ø shipping / importing / exporting details Ø sales Expenses And so forth. He wanted me to make this system of his ready in two weeks. This was of course more then enough, but as you should know that there are many people outside who haven't got a clue of what uses a computer is and how to use a computer is absolutely out of question. Now let's get back to the subject, as I was saying that it shouldn't take me too long. The longest it will take me should be no more than one day to design the database, one day to make it and two days to enter the company information. The manager had told me that to do everything manually would be like a migraine headache, because he also has a hotel that he used to run manually and therefore had the experience of running something manually is like "the horse riding you". So I have planned to split the database system into four parts. 1. company details (sales, employee details) 2. customer details 3. shipping details 4. query ANALYSE The most suitable package that I found for this database system is Microsoft Access ®. You must be thinking if we have a company of developing new software then why don't we use our own software, the answer to this is that we are develop only that kind of material which is yet not on the market. The reason for why I have chosen this package rather than any other package is that firstly this package is easy to use (a plus point for them), secondly it has several more facilities and finally I am more familiar with this package. For hardware/software there won't be any problems because luckily we had provided them with this. So the programs (software) will more likely be the same. However I will be using Windows XP ®, Pentium IV as my processor and I will be using Microsoft ® Office XP ®. For backup I shall most possibly use a CD-RW or a memory card should do.

Strategies to Discourage Social Loafing

Strategies to discourage social loafing: Social loafing can be described as a tendency of individuals to exert less effort when they are part of a group. Since, all individuals are sharing their efforts to accomplish set goals; each member of the group contributes less than he/she would if he/she was individually accountable. One of the major reasons behind this behavior is that individuals think that they are not being acknowledged for their efforts. Such believing brings their moral down and therefore team members see no reason to reach high-level performance while working within the team. This behavior also develops when individual responsibilities within a team are not well-defined, or when management cannot track performance with precision. To correct and eliminate social loafing within the team players and to provide positive advantage to organization, the following steps can be taken. By defining clear roles and responsibilities to each team member in the beginning of the project will help each individual to achieve set goals and objectives. – By observing each individual’s contribution closely. -Set up individual assignments that reflect results toward the end project. -Assign individual tasks according to his/her skill set and strengths. This approach will promote the individual to accomplish assigned tasks in an effective manner. -Employ team reviews and member evaluations on regular basis. Simplify the rol es and responsibilities for the team to follow. -Support and persuade team members with loyalty. -Provide timely feedback to each team member on assigned tasks. -Using the management by walking around method can also reduce the social loafing within the team individuals. This practice will help management obtaining a better understanding of the work being done outside as well as building relationship with employees. Similarly, team members will learn that management is coming around anytime that will reduce the possible chances of social loafing.

Pedicure and Dressing Area

Client: Excuse me. Where would I find body lotion? Lucy: Body lotion? Have a look in the makeup section, in isle 4. Client: Actually, I did and there wasn't any. Lucy: I'm sorry. Let me get some from De back. Do you need anything else? Client: Yes. I couldn't find any nail file. Lucy: Ooh. I'm sorry, but we don't have any nail file at the moment. Client: Oh, no. Don't tell me that. Mom is going to kill me.I lost her nail file yesterday, so I need to get new one. Lucy: I'm sorry to hear that. Where is my nail file Let's see, it will be 80 dollars in all. But you can charge it to your room. Great. Thank you. By the way, how much will the massage and the facial? I don't have much cash on me. Sure. Let me show you to the dressing area. Mom. That's a long time. Can I get massage in the meantime? For around 20 minutes. How long do I have to wait? Of course, but you might have to wait. There's someone ahead of you.Good morning. WSDL it be possible to get facial? Can I help you, Ms' Mary: I' m Mary. I have a 4 o'clock appointment for a manicure with Lisa. Receptionist: get a facial in the meantime? Receptionist: I'm sorry we don't have anything until 5. Mary: Oh no. What about a massage. Receptionist: Yes. Please let me show you the dressing area. Mary: Thank you. One more question. Is it customary to tip the staff? Receptionist: Well, that's up to you. But most clients give one or two dollars.

Toyota Prius Quality Management

Toyota Prius Quality Management Introduction In this paper, I have used Toyota as the name of the organization that is involved in the manufacturing of hybrid cars under the trade mark Toyota Prius. Toyota Prius manufacturing plants are located in Japan and China.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Toyota Prius Quality Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Europe is the main market for its hybrid car. Europe command 48% demand for Toyota Prius. The paper outline the company mission statement as well as the objectives it seek to achieve in the automobile market. In this paper the strategies to achieve total quality management in all functions has been discussed. The various guiding principles are also highlighted. The paper also discusses ISO certification, its pros and cons if obtained by Toyota. The procedures of obtaining ISO certification are discussed in details. Finally, the paper discusses the quality tool used by the company to resol ve the present problem detected in Toyota Prius hybrid car. Total Quality Management (TQM) TQM is referred to as a set of activities applied by the organization in order to manufacture quality products. The products must be produced in the most effective and efficient manner to meet customer’s satisfaction. TQM Mission To sustain quality processes by providing the best customer experience through innovative products.Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Through TQM, Toyota is gearing itself in achieving the following objectives. Objectives To manufacture high quality cars. To gain high competitive value in the market place. To gain high efficiency in lead-time. To ‘go green’ by manufacturing environment friendly cars that emit less carbon. To increase market share. Improving suppliers relationship The below diagram indicate the priorities take n by the customer when purchasing a product. This is a clear indication that quality is very important to customer as it determines his/her second purchase of the same product (Anschutz 88). TQM Principles The commitment of the management. Management has the duty of planning, supporting, reviewing and implementing changes in the organization. Empowerment of employees. Training, award and recognition are some of the things that need to be implemented. Decision making is based on fact and not instinct.SPC (statistical process control), FMEA and the 7 statistical tools are some of the tools used to make management decision. Continuous Improvement. This means that there should be improved standards and improved cross-functional processes. Customer centered. This means that quality and standards should be customer driven. TQM emphasis continuous improvement at all levels of management from the top management that do the planning and decision making to the lower level employees who exe cute every detail of these decisions. Through quality management, it is possible to prevent defects and avoid mistakes. This means that results are continuously improved over time as a result of continuous improvement in work environment, technology and people capabilities (Robson 50). Improved capabilities will guarantee better results in the future. Under TQM, there is a general belief that faulty systems and poor managed processes are the main cause of mistakes made by people.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Toyota Prius Quality Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Therefore, it is possible to deal with the root cause of the mistake and avoid a repeat of the same in the future. This can be achieved by improving the poor process or changing it completely. The Quality Guru: W Edward Deming Edward believed that management is responsible for about 94% of quality problems faced by the company. The responsi bility lies at management as well as individual level. Edward came up with some guidelines applicable to any organization. The guidelines include: Creating a constant purpose that works towards continuous improvement of the product. Establishing and adopting a new management philosophy. This challenges the existing working norms. To use statistical evidence in resolving quality issues instead of depending on mass inspection. Ensure continuous improvement of supplies. Search for any problem in the organization. It is the responsibility of the management to continually work on the organization systems. Implementing modern methods of on job training. Implementing modern methods of supervising all workers involved in production process. The management must drive out fear from every employee to ensure effective working environment. Elimination of potential and existing barriers between departments. Eliminating numerical goals that do not outline the procedures and methods of achieving t hem. Eliminate the existing laid out numerical standards. Creating a good working environment for the hourly worker by eliminating barriers that deny him the pride of workmanship. Establish and implement vigorous retraining and on job education program. Creating a well structured management whose work is to implement all of the above points. He believed that by adopting and implementing the above points, the management was serious in staying in business. Specific Objective for Toyota To reduce the number of complain made by the customers regarding the steering systems through continuous improvement on the production processes. Quality Change 2 Days Training program The main objective of the program is to enable employee understand quality management and their role in implementing policies that ensure continuous improvement in quality. This program provides trainees with general knowledge on quality management and skills on quality control procedures. Course outline The program is d ivided into theoretical and practical sessions. The subjects are introduced during the theoretical session. Further discussion is done during practical sessions through group work.Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Theoretical session is carried out in the morning while practical session takes place in the afternoon. The subjects include quality controls, quality control measures and leadership. Practical session Tests and group discussion are carried out during the practical session to cover the subject taught in the morning during the theoretical session. Tests are administered to the trainees with little supervision by the trainer. The groups then compare their results and discuss any arising problem. Trainers will provide clarification to issues that trainees fail to understand. ISO 9000 The global economy has now changed to great extent and many companies have been able to overcome trade barriers. The business environment has become very competitive and most companies have aggressively increased their level of performance in order to survive. Many companies have implemented plans that are efficient and effective which enables them to remain competitive. Today, ISO 9000 has become the mos t universally accepted plan. ISO 9000 constitutes standards that ensure companies achieve quality assurance. The next paragraph explains what ISO 9000 is all about. ISO (International Organization for Standards) was established by technical committees with the aim of providing guidelines to companies and other organizations so that they can improve their performance. Through collective experience and knowledge of world experts that constitutes the technical committees, some guidelines were established with an aim of standardizing world industries. Industries range from manufacturing, servicing, and telecommunication and government agencies.ISO is a Greek word and it basically means â€Å"same as†. Experts say that this is taken to mean that consumers’ expectations are met by giving them what they want. Meeting the expectations of the consumers means that you’re giving them quality products. We can conclude by saying that ISO means quality. What is ISO 9000? Ther e are five International standards that form ISO 9000. The ISO 9000 that outline the guidelines for the other four standards. The ISO 9001which is meant for suppliers whose work involves designing and customizing. The ISO 9002 that outlines installation and production standards. The ISO 9003 which outlines final test and inspection guidelines. The ISO 9004 which formulates guidelines for enabling managers develop quality systems in the organization. It is important to note that ISO 9000 standards are guidelines and not rules as people perceive. These guidelines help organizations to organize processes and achieve quality assurance. The most important impact of ISO 9000 is total quality of products. Quality assurance models can be adapted by the companies when they carefully follow these guidelines. When accompany is ISO certified it means that it has been awarded ISO 9000 for following the set out guidelines in the ISO 9000.There is a lot of pressure from the customers for compani es to get ISO 9000 approval. There is great improvement in the operating procedures and reduction of costs derived from implementing ISO guidelines. ISO certification become a very powerful marketing tool for the ISO certified companies and bring assurance of the customers that the products they are buying from these companies are of high quality standards. Most customers especially in Europe are demanding products that are ISO 9000 certified making every company doing business in the region seek ISO certification. When more companies become ISO certified competition increases in the market making each company produce quality products at a reduced cost in order to gain market share. The Advantages of ISO 9000 One of the advantages of ISO certification is that it will allow for neutral third party assessment of all Toyota processes. There is tendency for Toyota to underestimate some issues affecting their operations. The auditing done by the neutral third party ensures that Toyota im plement quality management systems that are up to standard with the rest of the industry. The second advantage of having ISO certification is the fact that there is great exposure of the executive management.ISO audits help in identifying any problem within the various management levels including the executive. Any hitch in the quality system is brought to the attention of the executive, thereby making the necessary adjustments. Since there is constant measurement of quality, any defect in the procedure will be taken care of through corrective action. The third advantage derived from ISO certification is the fact that it is a common universally accepted type of certification. The implementation of new systems and hiring key personnel become easier for Toyota. Certification ensures that procedures are defined and documented correctly so as to ensure consistency of output. The documentation of procedures ensures that new employees are able to follow easily and that defects are identif ied at an early stage. This promotes better management control and clear understanding of all Toyota operations. The fourth advantage of ISO certification is that Toyota has the potential of retaining or increasing its market share as well as increasing sales. It becomes much easier to sell in new market when the company has the endorsement of ISO. In general there are more benefits that accrue from the ISO certification. Such benefits include: 1.It brings standardization of procedures by providing guidelines to every function in Toyota that affect the quality of Toyota Prius. 2.It ensures that information is consistently disseminated. There are three areas of standards that ensure information is consistently disseminated. Control of quality records ensure good maintenance of quality records in all functions of the company. Design control ensures that any changes in the operating procedures are known to all parties so as to avoid ad-hoc engineering changes. A system that deals with approving, revising and distributing documents as well as the deletion of the obsolete documents is provided for in the document and data control standards. This ensures proper functioning of the quality systems at all levels. 3.Use of statistics to promote improvements. Statistical techniques need to be identified and implemented by the company as it is outlined in the ISO 9000 series of standards. The main focus of these standards is on processes and product features. The statistical techniques provided by the standards are very flexible and can be used by any organization since more emphasis is on corrective and preventive actions. The use of these statistical techniques allows the company to have data-based management that improve business processes rather than relying on instinct to solve any arising issue in the business. 4.The global acceptance status.ISO 9000 series has continued to gain acceptance in all continents as a standard of quality. The fact that it can be used as a trademark for verifying the quality of goods and services, many organizations all over the world have adopted it as a standard of quality. This brings relief to companies as they don’t have to comply with numerous quality standards imposed in their locality. It also goes a long way in reducing costs of compliance. 5.Improve customer experience and responsiveness. The global market continues to change with time. There is increased competition in the business environment. For Toyota to survive in the market, it must prove that its Toyota Prius car supplied to the market is of superior and high quality. The ISO certification act as a guarantee to the customers that quality standards have been met when producing goods or services. There is competitive advantage that ISO registered companies have over those that are not. 6.Promoting continuous improvement. The training programs on quality that exist in companies is not good enough to sustain continuous improvement. The full imple mentation of quality systems that can be measured against the set standards is the answer to sustaining improvements in quality procedures. This continuous improvement is achieved by the fact that ISO series provide auditing at the initial registration as well as on-going surveillance audits. This increase assurance to both customers and vendors that the quality systems are functional and that they are being monitored periodically (Hoyle 99). Disadvantages of ISO certification to the organization High initial costs. The change in the operation can be expensive for the fact that Toyota employees must be trained on both the implementation and use of ISO 9000 procedures (Morris 142). There is tendency in every organization for employee to resist operations changes and stick to their old working habits. The resistance will not only eat into company profits but also affect the morale of the employees. There is no 100% assurance on quality. The implementation of ISO standards is not a ti cket to have better quality products. The standards only provide guidelines to use functional systems in the organization operation but it doesn’t demand them to be good. This problem is mostly faced by newly ISO certified companies. Time wastage due to frequent audits. Employees spend much effort in analyzing the findings of full systems audits that must be carried out not forgetting the annual surveillance audits. The annual surveillance audits become unnecessary for companies that have robust internal audit systems. Process of Obtaining ISO Certification 1.The management must reach a decision of obtaining the ISO certification. The management at all levels must be committed in their actions. 2.The management must appoint a project manager who will have the authority to internally manage the ISO project. 3.The management v through the project manager must carry out an assessment of the current quality systems against the requirements of ISO 9000.The project manager should then create a plan of the things that need to be done. 4.The project manager should now start working on the plan by outlining the existing processes and documenting the system. The standard requirement should be met through revising and improving the processes by using ‘PDSA’ (plan, do, study, study, and act). (Hoyle 120). The management must create a team lead by the project manager to design and build the system. 5.The project manager should then review and audit the system internally and make the any necessary adjustments. 6.The management should then select a certifier (external auditor) and schedule a date when the systems audit will be carry out. 7.If successful, the certifier will then award the organization with a certificate. Quality Tool: Pareto Analysis In the recent past Toyota has been recalling a lot of Toyota Prius car it manufacture in Japan manufacturing Plant. The major complain by the customers is the defective steering system of the car. To resolve this problem and win back customer loyalty, Toyota has resorted to using quality tool to avert the issue. For Toyota be competitive and remain successful in the long-run, the quality of the car manufactured is important. It becomes crucial for Toyota to come up with tools for measuring quality of the cars. Most of these tools are available for use. Pareto analysis is one the tool that is used for quality control. It is commonly referred to as 80/20 rule and was discovered by Vilifredo Pareto as he carried out his studies in wealth distribution. Interestingly, he discovered that 80% of wealth was controlled by 20% of the entire population. In today’s world, Pareto analysis basically means that 80% of quality issues in any end product are caused by 20% of the entire production processes. It therefore becomes important to indentify the few critical problems, solve them and drastically improve the quality of the end product. Using Pareto Analysis in Toyota The first procedure in using Pareto analysis is to identify the potential causes of poor quality.Through brainstorming among the Toyota engineers and surveys, several causes have been identified. The main objective is to identify items that result to poor quality cars. For example, Toyota that manufactures Toyota Prius has identified four potential causes that have made consumers return their cars because of poor steering system. The identified causes include: poor assembling procedures, poor braking system, faulty electronic installation and transit problem. The second procedure is to act upon every mentioned item. Careful assessment and analysis is carried out over a given period of time that gives a statistical sample. Quality control measures are then taken so as to resolve the potential causes identified in the first procedure. From our example, each time a car has been returned due to ‘poor assembling procedure’, we would add one to the tally for that cause. The process continues until we get the subtotals of the results. The third procedure involves summarizing and graphing of the results obtained from the previous procedures. To obtain the total number of defects, we total the numbers of each cause of defects. The percentage of each defect is obtained by dividing the subtotal of each defect against the total number of defects and then multiplying by 100. The obtained percentages are graphed in a histogram where poor quality is represented by the x-axis and the respective percentages on y-axis. The Pareto histogram is normally referred to as Pareto Chat. The final procedure involves interpretation of the graphed results. From the Pareto chart (see Appendix 1) it can be observed that almost 80% of the defective cars are caused by 20% of potential causes. Toyota can now create quality control measures to avert the steering system problem. To further understand Pareto analysis I have come up with fictional data showing the calculations and the histogram presentatio n. The data is shown in part 1 of appendix 1.The graphing of the results is shown in Appendix 1, Part 2. After careful analysis Toyota has perfected electronic installation in order to eliminate 67% of defective cars. The method used in body parts transit can also be resolved to eliminate further 22% defective cars. Conclusion Through out the paper quality has been discussed at length, and it remains the objective of Toyota to manufacture quality cars. Quality will not only guarantee customer satisfaction but also reduce the number of defective cars. Toyota and any other organization must employ procedures and processes that ensure the highest quality standards. It has been observed that companies that implement total quality management systems are able to produce quality products at minimal cost and meet customer expectations. However, caution should be taken when implementing these quality processes as the management should implement those approaches that are tailored to meet the current and the future needs of the organization. Anschutz, Eric.TQM America: How America’s most successful companies profit from Total Quality Management. Bradenton: McGuinn McGuire Publishing, Inc, 1995. Print. Hoyle, David. ISO 9000 Quality Systems Development Handbook. Great Britain: Butterworth Heinemann, 1998. Print. Morris, Alan S. Measurement and Calibration Requirements for Quality Assurance to ISO 9000. New York: John Wiley Sons, 1997. Print. Robson, Mike. Quality Circles: Members Handbook. Aldershot: Gower Publishing Co. Ltd, 1984. Print. Appendix 1 Part 1 Part 2

A porters 5 forces analysis of Wipro Ltd (Indian IT Outsourcing) Essay

A porters 5 forces analysis of Wipro Ltd (Indian IT Outsourcing) - Essay Example The model specifically addresses competition concerns within and without the industry in a bid to evaluate and assess the profitability of firms prior to their competition strategies. The following is an analysis of Wipro Ltd in this regard: Competition is a crucial undertaking for any given business entity. For Wipro Ltd, rivalry pertains to countering forces of advancing technologies from time to time and ensuring that sit meets customer needs as they fall due. In so doing, new and existing firms in the same line of service offering are essential to consider. Wipro Ltd seeks to create customer value that remains competitive and reliable over time in order to keep its business aspect attractive to its customers both in the short run and long run. Entry of new firms in the industry poses threats to the revenue earnings and profitability of Wipro Ltd. Unlike other markets, the information technology is characterized by relatively low barriers to entry. The diversity and dynamism associated with IT services consistently lead to the emergence of new firms. To counter threats of new entrants, the company has diversified its service offering portfolio by establishing Wipro divisions which take advantage of new IT needs in the market. Rival firms offer similar but relatively differentiated IT and consultation services. This gives customers a variety of products and services to choose from. Maintaining high profitability in such an environment requires that the services offered be affordable to the customers. However, it is important that the firm observes its costs of operation in order to strike a balance between pricing and operational costs. To account for this scenario, Wipro Ltd evaluates the IT industry from time to time in order to determine factors that affect consumer behaviour, triggering demand for substitute services. This is a

Recommendation letters Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Recommendation letters - Essay Example The student has superior communication skills as I have observed in his written work and in the presentations in the class. His ability to eloquently express himself has made his a valuable asset in the various group projects that have been required of his. I believe his involvement in the group activities is also a reflection of his people skills and his ability to work well with people. He has also helped his fellow students come up with creative solutions and ideas to the tasks that I have assigned to them. He is also extremely well organized in his work. I therefore have no reservations in recommending the student to your post graduate study program as I believe he has a great potential to succeed in the program. I also believe he will be a valuable asset to your student body. His dedication and thoroughness in his work will enable his to succeed in the dissertation based program. Please contact me if further clarifications about his abilities and qualifications are required. I am writing in recommendation of Mohammed Al Ajmi application for a post graduate study opportunity in your institution. He has been my friend for over 10 years and I have known his to be a creative, dependable and highly organized individual. I believe that his skills and personality will be a tremendous asset in your organization. When I was pursing both my Masters and my PhD, I found Jane to be of great help. He assisted me in collecting the data and was always at hand to offer suggestions in the process. I also found his people skills coupled with his communication skills a tremendous asset in convincing people to take part in my research study. He was also instrumental in keeping a positive working spirit among my research team. I also know his to be a dedicated person who reacts sensibly in high pressure situations. I have known Jane as an open minded individual who is always ready and willing to learn and experience new ideas. He has